EFSA Compendium of Botanicals

Draft - work in progress

Viola philippica Cav. // Viola yedoensis Makino

Family:: Violaceae
Approval state:: Approved
Number of articles retrieved:: 243
Number of processed references:: 4

Compositions

#1: Coumarins (esculetin, scopoletin, esculin and cichoriin); plant part unspecified #2: Cichoriin (coumarin) in live plant #3: Esculetin (coumarin) in live plant #4: Scopoletin (coumarin) in live plant #5: Euphorbetin (coumarin) in live plant #6: p-coumaric acid in herb #7: Esculetin in herb #8: scopoletin in herb

Endpoint Studies

#1: inhibition of HCV NS3/4A protease

Genotoxicity

Composition #1: Zhou Hai-Yan., Qin Min-Jian., Hong Jun-Li., Ni Yue-Juan., Wu Gang. Chemical Constituents of Viola yedoensis. chinese journal of natural medicines, 2009, vol. 7, no. 4, p. 290–292. DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1009.2009.00290. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Unspecified (A07XD)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

unspecified
Substance:

coumarins (RF-00004351-PAR)
Additional substance description:

esculetin, scopoletin, esculin and cichoriin
Analytical method code:

Standard Chromatographic tests (paper- thin layer- and column chromatography) (F016A)
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

Coumarins (esculetin, scopoletin, esculin and cichoriin); plant part unspecified

Composition #2: Hong, Jun-Li., Zhou, Hai-Yan., Zhu, Jie., Li, Li., Shu, Pan., Qin, Xiao-Ying., Wu, Gang., Lin, Bin-Bin., Wang, Guo-Kai., Wang, Qiang., Qin, Min-Jian. Comparative analysis of major constituents in Viola yedoensis Makino and different species from the Genus Viola by high-performance liquid chromatography with chemometrics methods . journal of medicinal plants research, 2011, vol. 5, no. 21, p. 5230–5239. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Live plants (as part-nature) (A0BA0)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

methanol
Substance:

Cichoriin (RF-00011526-PAR)
Analytical method code:

HPLC-UV (F021A)
Result unit:

Milligram/gram (G060A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

0.041-2.843
Internal remarks:

Cichoriin (coumarin) in live plant

Composition #3: Hong, Jun-Li., Zhou, Hai-Yan., Zhu, Jie., Li, Li., Shu, Pan., Qin, Xiao-Ying., Wu, Gang., Lin, Bin-Bin., Wang, Guo-Kai., Wang, Qiang., Qin, Min-Jian. Comparative analysis of major constituents in Viola yedoensis Makino and different species from the Genus Viola by high-performance liquid chromatography with chemometrics methods . journal of medicinal plants research, 2011, vol. 5, no. 21, p. 5230–5239. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Live plants (as part-nature) (A0BA0)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

Methanol
Substance:

Esculetin (RF-00003667-PAR)
Analytical method code:

HPLC-UV (F021A)
Result unit:

Milligram/gram (G060A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

1.245-17.552
Internal remarks:

Esculetin (coumarin) in live plant

Composition #4: Hong, Jun-Li., Zhou, Hai-Yan., Zhu, Jie., Li, Li., Shu, Pan., Qin, Xiao-Ying., Wu, Gang., Lin, Bin-Bin., Wang, Guo-Kai., Wang, Qiang., Qin, Min-Jian. Comparative analysis of major constituents in Viola yedoensis Makino and different species from the Genus Viola by high-performance liquid chromatography with chemometrics methods . journal of medicinal plants research, 2011, vol. 5, no. 21, p. 5230–5239. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Live plants (as part-nature) (A0BA0)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

Methanol
Substance:

scopoletin (RF-00004048-PAR)
Analytical method code:

HPLC-UV (F021A)
Result unit:

Milligram/gram (G060A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

0.012-0.087
Internal remarks:

Scopoletin (coumarin) in live plant

Composition #5: Hong, Jun-Li., Zhou, Hai-Yan., Zhu, Jie., Li, Li., Shu, Pan., Qin, Xiao-Ying., Wu, Gang., Lin, Bin-Bin., Wang, Guo-Kai., Wang, Qiang., Qin, Min-Jian. Comparative analysis of major constituents in Viola yedoensis Makino and different species from the Genus Viola by high-performance liquid chromatography with chemometrics methods . journal of medicinal plants research, 2011, vol. 5, no. 21, p. 5230–5239. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Live plants (as part-nature) (A0BA0)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

Methanol
Substance:

Euphorbetin (RF-00011527-PAR)
Analytical method code:

HPLC-UV (F021A)
Result unit:

Milligram/kilogram (G061A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

0.451-1.921
Internal remarks:

Euphorbetin (coumarin) in live plant

Composition #6: Oshima, Naohiro., Narukawa, Yuji., Takeda, Tadahiro., Kiuchi, Fumiyuki. Collagenase inhibitors from Viola yedoensis. JOURNAL OF NATURAL MEDICINES, 2013, vol. 67, no. 1, p. 240–245. DOI: 10.1007/s11418-012-0665-8. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Aerial part of plants (as part-nature) (A166F)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

Hexane, MeOH, acetone, 50% EtOH, CHCl3
Substance:

p-coumaric acid (RF-00010717-PAR)
Analytical method code:

Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) (F061A)
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

p-coumaric acid in herb

Composition #7: Oshima, Naohiro., Narukawa, Yuji., Takeda, Tadahiro., Kiuchi, Fumiyuki. Collagenase inhibitors from Viola yedoensis. JOURNAL OF NATURAL MEDICINES, 2013, vol. 67, no. 1, p. 240–245. DOI: 10.1007/s11418-012-0665-8. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Aerial part of plants (as part-nature) (A166F)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

Hexane, MeOH, acetone, 50% EtOH, CHCl3
Substance:

Esculetin (RF-00003667-PAR)
Analytical method code:

Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) (F061A)
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

Esculetin in herb

Composition #8: Oshima, Naohiro., Narukawa, Yuji., Takeda, Tadahiro., Kiuchi, Fumiyuki. Collagenase inhibitors from Viola yedoensis. JOURNAL OF NATURAL MEDICINES, 2013, vol. 67, no. 1, p. 240–245. DOI: 10.1007/s11418-012-0665-8. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Aerial part of plants (as part-nature) (A166F)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

Hexane, MeOH, acetone, 50% EtOH, CHCl3
Substance:

scopoletin (RF-00004048-PAR)
Analytical method code:

Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) (F061A)
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

scopoletin in herb

Endpoint study #1: Zhang, Lin., Li, Meng-Yan., Wang, Li-Wei., Gao, Jie., Ma, Chao-Mei. Isolation, identification, quantification and inhibitory activity on HCV protease of coumarins from Viola yedoensis. canadian chemical transactions, 2013, p. 157–164. .

Study relevance:

Human health
Substance:

coumarins (RF-00004351-PAR)
Plant part:

Live plants (as part-nature) (A0BA0)
Preparation/Extraction method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional plant/substance description:

5,5'-bi (6,7-dihydroxycoumarin); methanol extract
Type of toxicological test:

in vitro (CHD061TT)
Endpoint measured:

Half maximal inhibitory concentration (CHD021EP)
Concentration unit:

Microgram/millilitre (G052A)
Effect concentration:

0.5
Critical effect:

Digestive (TOX18A)
Target tissue:

Digestive (TT002A)
Effect description:

Inhibition of HCV NS3/4A protease
Effect or parameter linked to the endpoint:

enzyme inhibition (CHD032BE)
Internal remarks:

inhibition of HCV NS3/4A protease