EFSA Compendium of Botanicals

Draft - work in progress

Vernicia fordii (Hemsl.) Airy Shaw // Aleurites fordii Hemsl.

Family:: Euphorbiaceae
Approval state:: Approved
Number of articles retrieved:: 400
Number of processed references:: 6

Compositions

#1: aleuritin in roots #2: (-) syringaresinol in roots #3: phorbol esters in roots #4: phorbol esters in fruits #5: phorbol esters in leaves #6: Chebulagic acid #7: Aleurinin A, B, C #8: Corilagin #9: Geraniin

Endpoint Studies

#1: gastrointestinal adverse effects following fruit ingestion #2: nervous manifestations following fruit ingestion #3: seeds leading to vomiting, abdominal pain and diarrhea

Genotoxicity

Composition #1: Xie Yu-Feng., Tao Zheng-Ming., Wang Hong-Bing., Qin Guo-Wei. Chemical Constituents from the Roots of Vernicia fordii. Chinese Journal of Natural Medicines, 2010, vol. 8, no. 4, p. 264–266. DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1009.2010.00264. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Roots and other underground parts (as part-nature) (A067M)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

ethanol 95%
Substance:

coumarins (RF-00004351-PAR)
Additional substance description:

aleuritin
Analytical method code:

Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) (F061A)
Analytical method - additional description:

NMR + ESI-MS
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

aleuritin in roots

Composition #2: Xie Yu-Feng., Tao Zheng-Ming., Wang Hong-Bing., Qin Guo-Wei. Chemical Constituents from the Roots of Vernicia fordii. Chinese Journal of Natural Medicines, 2010, vol. 8, no. 4, p. 264–266. DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1009.2010.00264. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Roots and other underground parts (as part-nature) (A067M)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

Ethanol 95%
Substance:

syringaresinol (RF-00011386-PAR)
Additional substance description:

(-) syringaresinol
Analytical method code:

Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) (F061A)
Analytical method - additional description:

NMR+ESI-MS
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

(-) syringaresinol in roots

Composition #3: Xie Yu-Feng., Tao Zheng-Ming., Wang Hong-Bing., Qin Guo-Wei. Chemical Constituents from the Roots of Vernicia fordii. Chinese Journal of Natural Medicines, 2010, vol. 8, no. 4, p. 264–266. DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1009.2010.00264. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Roots and other underground parts (as part-nature) (A067M)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

ethanol 95%
Substance:

Phorbol esters (RF-00004310-PAR)
Additional substance description:

12-O-palmityl-13-O-acetyl-16-hydroxyphorbol
Analytical method code:

Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) (F061A)
Analytical method - additional description:

NMR + ESI-MS
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

phorbol esters in roots

Composition #4: Okuda, Takuo., Yoshida, Takashi., Koike, Shigeto., Toh, Namiko. Toxic constituent of the fruits of Aleurites fordii. Chemical Pharmaceutical Bulletin, 1974, p. 971–972. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Fruit unspecified (as part-nature) (A067D)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

MeOH
Substance:

Phorbol esters (RF-00004310-PAR)
Analytical method code:

Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) (F061A)
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

phorbol esters in fruits

Composition #5: Pei, Yi-Hua., Kim, Jae Wha., Kang, Ho-Bum., Lee, Hyeong-Kyu., Kim, Chan-Soo., Song, Hyuk-Hwan., Chin, Young-Won., Oh, Sei-Ryang. Tigliane diterpene esters with IFN gamma-inducing activity from the leaves of Aleurites fordii. BIOORGANIC & MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY LETTERS, 2012, vol. 22, no. 6, p. 2318–2320. DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2012.01.057. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Leaves (as part-nature) (A0EKT)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

MeOH
Substance:

Phorbol esters (RF-00004310-PAR)
Analytical method code:

Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) (F061A)
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

phorbol esters in leaves

Composition #6: NONAKA, G., HAYASHI, M., TANAKA, T., SAIJO, R., NISHIOKA, I. TANNINS AND RELATED-COMPOUNDS .92. ISOLATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF CYANOGENIC ELLAGITANNINS, ALEURININ-A AND ALEURININ-B, AND A RELATED O-GLYCOSIDIC ELLAGITANNIN, ALEURININ-C, FROM ALEURITES-FORDII HEMSLEY. CHEMICAL & PHARMACEUTICAL BULLETIN, 1990, vol. 38, no. 4, p. 861–865. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Leaves (as part-nature) (A0EKT)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

Acetone (80%)
Substance:

Chebulagic acid (RF-00010972-PAR)
Analytical method code:

Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) (F061A)
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

Chebulagic acid

Composition #7: NONAKA, G., HAYASHI, M., TANAKA, T., SAIJO, R., NISHIOKA, I. TANNINS AND RELATED-COMPOUNDS .92. ISOLATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF CYANOGENIC ELLAGITANNINS, ALEURININ-A AND ALEURININ-B, AND A RELATED O-GLYCOSIDIC ELLAGITANNIN, ALEURININ-C, FROM ALEURITES-FORDII HEMSLEY. CHEMICAL & PHARMACEUTICAL BULLETIN, 1990, vol. 38, no. 4, p. 861–865. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Leaves (as part-nature) (A0EKT)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

Acetone (80%)
Substance:

Ellagitannins (hydrolysable tannins) Ellagitannins (hydrolysable tannins) (RF-00004379-PAR)
Additional substance description:

Aleurinin A, B, C
Analytical method code:

Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) (F061A)
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

Aleurinin A, B, C

Composition #8: NONAKA, G., HAYASHI, M., TANAKA, T., SAIJO, R., NISHIOKA, I. TANNINS AND RELATED-COMPOUNDS .92. ISOLATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF CYANOGENIC ELLAGITANNINS, ALEURININ-A AND ALEURININ-B, AND A RELATED O-GLYCOSIDIC ELLAGITANNIN, ALEURININ-C, FROM ALEURITES-FORDII HEMSLEY. CHEMICAL & PHARMACEUTICAL BULLETIN, 1990, vol. 38, no. 4, p. 861–865. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Leaves (as part-nature) (A0EKT)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

Acetone (80%)
Substance:

corilagin (RF-00003751-PAR)
Analytical method code:

Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) (F061A)
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

Corilagin

Composition #9: NONAKA, G., HAYASHI, M., TANAKA, T., SAIJO, R., NISHIOKA, I. TANNINS AND RELATED-COMPOUNDS .92. ISOLATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF CYANOGENIC ELLAGITANNINS, ALEURININ-A AND ALEURININ-B, AND A RELATED O-GLYCOSIDIC ELLAGITANNIN, ALEURININ-C, FROM ALEURITES-FORDII HEMSLEY. CHEMICAL & PHARMACEUTICAL BULLETIN, 1990, vol. 38, no. 4, p. 861–865. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Leaves (as part-nature) (A0EKT)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

Acetone (80%)
Substance:

Geraniin (RF-00003830-PAR)
Analytical method code:

Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) (F061A)
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

Geraniin

Endpoint study #1: Carratala, Rogelio E. Collective intoxication by the fruit of Aleurites fordii. dia med., 1936 . .

Study relevance:

Human health
Plant part:

Fruit unspecified (as part-nature) (A067D)
Type of toxicological test:

case report (CHD060TT)
Tested organism:

Human (as organism) (A056J)
Sex:

No data
Route of exposure:

ORAL: UNSPECIFIED (OECD2234PL)
Control groups used:

no
Endpoint measured:

Dose not reported (CHD066EP)
Critical effect:

Digestive (TOX18A)
Target tissue:

Digestive (TT002A)
Effect description:

gastrointestina adverse effects
Effect or parameter linked to the endpoint:

food efficiency (CHD021BE)
Internal remarks:

gastrointestinal adverse effects following fruit ingestion

Endpoint study #2: Carratala, Rogelio E. Collective intoxication by the fruit of Aleurites fordii. dia med., 1936 . .

Study relevance:

Human health
Plant part:

Fruit unspecified (as part-nature) (A067D)
Type of toxicological test:

case report (CHD060TT)
Tested organism:

Human (as organism) (A056J)
Sex:

No data
Route of exposure:

ORAL: UNSPECIFIED (OECD2234PL)
Control groups used:

no
Endpoint measured:

Dose not reported (CHD066EP)
Critical effect:

NEUROTOXICITY (TOX04A)
Target tissue:

Neurologic (TT004A)
Effect description:

nervous manifestations
Effect or parameter linked to the endpoint:

neurology (CHD027BE)
Internal remarks:

nervous manifestations following fruit ingestion

Endpoint study #3: Lin, TJ., Hsu, CI., Lee, KH., Shiu, LL., Deng, JF. Two outbreaks of acute Tung Nut (Aleurites fordii) poisoning. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY-CLINICAL TOXICOLOGY, 1996, vol. 34, no. 1, p. 87–92. .

Study relevance:

Human health
Plant part:

Seed (as part-nature) (A066P)
Type of toxicological test:

case report (CHD060TT)
Tested organism:

Human (as organism) (A056J)
Sex:

Male/Female
Route of exposure:

ORAL: UNSPECIFIED (OECD2234PL)
Number of organisms dosed:

64
Control groups used:

no
Endpoint measured:

Dose not reported (CHD066EP)
Critical effect:

Digestive (TOX18A)
Target tissue:

Digestive (TT002A)
Effect description:

vomiting, abdominal pain and diarrhea
Effect or parameter linked to the endpoint:

food efficiency (CHD021BE)
Internal remarks:

seeds leading to vomiting, abdominal pain and diarrhea