EFSA Compendium of Botanicals

Draft - work in progress

Hog plum (as plant) // Spondias mombin L.

Family:: Anacardiaceae
Approval state:: Approved
Number of articles retrieved:: 491
Number of processed references:: 7

Compositions

#1: total saponins in leaves #2: Alkaloids #3: Cyanogenic glycosides #4: Saponins #5: Oxalates #6: Phytates #7: alkaloids #8: tannins #9: saponins #10: Anacardic acid derivative

Endpoint Studies

#1: Decrease in sperm motility, reversible antifertility effect of aqueous extract of bark in rat. Testis and epididymis probably the prime sites of action. #2: LD50 of aqueous extract of stem bark in mice #3: Abortifacient effects: decrease in relative organ weights, uteri showed thickening of endometrial lining and presence of cysts, ovarian tissue damage, reduction in serum concentration of sex hormones

Genotoxicity

Composition #1: El Fiki, N. M. Chemical composition and biological activity of Spondias lutea L. cultivated in Egypt. al-azhar journal of pharmaceutical sciences, 2000, p. 206–221. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Leaves (as part-nature) (A0EKT)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

unspecified
Substance:

Saponins (RF-00004333-PAR)
Additional substance description:

Total saponins
Analytical method code:

Gaschromatography (GC) (F037A)
Result unit:

Percent (G138A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

0.22
Internal remarks:

total saponins in leaves

Composition #2: Igwe, C.U., Onyeze, G.O.C., Onwuliri, V.A., Osuagwu, C.G., Ojiako, A.O. Evaluation of the chemical compositions of the leaf of Spondias mombin linn from Nigeria. Australian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 2010, vol. 4, no. 5, p. 706–710. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Leaves (as part-nature) (A0EKT)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

unspecified
Substance:

Alkaloids (RF-00004360-PAR)
Analytical method code:

Phytochemical screening (F604A)
Result unit:

Percent (G138A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

3.3-3.5
Internal remarks:

Alkaloids

Composition #3: Igwe, C.U., Onyeze, G.O.C., Onwuliri, V.A., Osuagwu, C.G., Ojiako, A.O. Evaluation of the chemical compositions of the leaf of Spondias mombin linn from Nigeria. Australian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 2010, vol. 4, no. 5, p. 706–710. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Leaves (as part-nature) (A0EKT)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

Unspecified
Substance:

Cyanogenic glycosides (RF-00004375-PAR)
Analytical method code:

Phytochemical screening (F604A)
Result unit:

Percent (G138A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

0.01
Internal remarks:

Cyanogenic glycosides

Composition #4: Igwe, C.U., Onyeze, G.O.C., Onwuliri, V.A., Osuagwu, C.G., Ojiako, A.O. Evaluation of the chemical compositions of the leaf of Spondias mombin linn from Nigeria. Australian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 2010, vol. 4, no. 5, p. 706–710. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Leaves (as part-nature) (A0EKT)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

unspecified
Substance:

Saponins (RF-00004333-PAR)
Analytical method code:

Phytochemical screening (F604A)
Result unit:

Percent (G138A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

4.55-5.15
Internal remarks:

Saponins

Composition #5: Igwe, C.U., Onyeze, G.O.C., Onwuliri, V.A., Osuagwu, C.G., Ojiako, A.O. Evaluation of the chemical compositions of the leaf of Spondias mombin linn from Nigeria. Australian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 2010, vol. 4, no. 5, p. 706–710. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Leaves (as part-nature) (A0EKT)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

unspecified
Substance:

Oxalates (RF-00004308-PAR)
Analytical method code:

Phytochemical screening (F604A)
Result unit:

Percent (G138A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

0.83-1.01
Internal remarks:

Oxalates

Composition #6: Igwe, C.U., Onyeze, G.O.C., Onwuliri, V.A., Osuagwu, C.G., Ojiako, A.O. Evaluation of the chemical compositions of the leaf of Spondias mombin linn from Nigeria. Australian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 2010, vol. 4, no. 5, p. 706–710. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Leaves (as part-nature) (A0EKT)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

unspecified
Substance:

phytic acid (RF-00000363-NTR)
Additional substance description:

Phytates
Analytical method code:

Phytochemical screening (F604A)
Result unit:

Percent (G138A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

1.54-1.92
Internal remarks:

Phytates

Composition #7: Ayoka, AO., Akomolafe, RO., Iwalewa, EO., Akanmu, MA., Ukponmwan, OE. Sedative, antiepileptic and antipsychotic effects of Spondias mombin L. (Anacardiaceae) in mice and rats. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY, 2006, vol. 103, no. 2, p. 166–175. DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2005.07.019. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Leaves (as part-nature) (A0EKT)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

ethanol/water and methanol/water
Substance:

Alkaloids (RF-00004360-PAR)
Analytical method code:

Phytochemical screening (F604A)
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

alkaloids

Composition #8: Nworu, C. S., Akah, P. A., Okoli, C. O., Okoye, T. C. Oxytocic activity of leaf extract of Spondias mombin. PHARMACEUTICAL BIOLOGY, 2007, vol. 45, no. 5, p. 366–371. DOI: 10.1080/13880200701214755. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Leaves (as part-nature) (A0EKT)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

methanol
Substance:

Tannins (RF-00004337-PAR)
Analytical method code:

Phytochemical screening (F604A)
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

tannins

Composition #9: Nworu, C. S., Akah, P. A., Okoli, C. O., Okoye, T. C. Oxytocic activity of leaf extract of Spondias mombin. PHARMACEUTICAL BIOLOGY, 2007, vol. 45, no. 5, p. 366–371. DOI: 10.1080/13880200701214755. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Leaves (as part-nature) (A0EKT)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

methanol
Substance:

Saponins (RF-00004333-PAR)
Analytical method code:

Phytochemical screening (F604A)
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

saponins

Composition #10: COATES, NJ., GILPIN, ML., GWYNN, MN., LEWIS, DE., MILNER, PH., SPEAR, SR., TYLER, JW. SB-202742, A NOVEL BETA-LACTAMASE INHIBITOR ISOLATED FROM SPONDIAS MOMBIN . journal of natural products, 1994, vol. 57, no. 5, p. 654–657. DOI: 10.1021/np50107a016. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Leaves (as part-nature) (A0EKT)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

Hexane extract of leaves and twigs
Substance:

Anacardic acid (RF-00004143-PAR)
Additional substance description:

Anacardic acid derivative (SB-202742)
Analytical method code:

High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC)/Liquid Chromatography (LC) (F018A)
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

Anacardic acid derivative

Endpoint study #1: Raji, Y., Gbadegesin, M.A., Osonuga, O.A., Adisa, R.A., Akinsomisoye, O.S., Awobajo, F.O., Kunle-Alabi, O.T., Esegbue Peters, P.R.C., Osonuga, I.O., Lamidi, A.F. Reproductive, haematologic and biochemical profiles of male rats treated with aqueous extract of Spondias mombin bark. International Journal of Pharmacology, 2006, vol. 2, no. 1, p. 126–130. DOI: 10.3923/ijp.2006.126.130. [DOI link]

Study relevance:

Human health
Plant part:

Stem / stalk (as part-nature) (A067S)
Preparation/Extraction method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional plant/substance description:

water extract
Type of toxicological test:

reproduction toxicity (CHD009TT)
Tested organism:

Rat (as animal) (A0CNV)
Strain of test organism:

Wistar (CHD013ST)
Sex:

Male
Route of exposure:

ORAL: GAVAGE (OECD2231PL)
Exposure duration:

4.0
Unit of exposure duration:

Week (G205A)
Number of organisms dosed:

30
Control groups used:

yes
Endpoint measured:

Concentration level (CHD013EP)
Concentration unit:

Milligrams per kilogram body weight (G225A)
Effect concentration:

16.8-33.6
Critical effect:

REPRODUCTIVE (TOX05A)
Target tissue:

urogenital: Testes (TT050A)
Effect description:

Decrease in sperm motility, reversible antifertility effect of aqueous extract of bark in rat. Testis and epididymis probably the prime sites of action.
Effect or parameter linked to the endpoint:

reproduction (CHD014BE)
Internal remarks:

Decrease in sperm motility, reversible antifertility effect of aqueous extract of bark in rat. Testis and epididymis probably the prime sites of action.

Endpoint study #2: Raji, Y., Gbadegesin, M.A., Osonuga, O.A., Adisa, R.A., Akinsomisoye, O.S., Awobajo, F.O., Kunle-Alabi, O.T., Esegbue Peters, P.R.C., Osonuga, I.O., Lamidi, A.F. Reproductive, haematologic and biochemical profiles of male rats treated with aqueous extract of Spondias mombin bark. International Journal of Pharmacology, 2006, vol. 2, no. 1, p. 126–130. DOI: 10.3923/ijp.2006.126.130. [DOI link]

Study relevance:

Human health
Plant part:

Stem / stalk (as part-nature) (A067S)
Type of toxicological test:

acute toxicity (CHD016TT)
Tested organism:

House mouse (as animal) (A0CNT)
Sex:

Male
Route of exposure:

ORAL: GAVAGE (OECD2231PL)
Number of organisms dosed:

25
Control groups used:

yes
Endpoint measured:

Lethal dose rate in 50% of experimental organisms (CHD029EP)
Concentration unit:

Milligrams per kilogram body weight (G225A)
Effect concentration:

55.9
Effect description:

LD50 of aqueous extract of stem bark in mice
Effect or parameter linked to the endpoint:

mortality (CHD010BE)
Internal remarks:

LD50 of aqueous extract of stem bark in mice

Endpoint study #3: Asuquo, O.R., Oko, O.O.K., Brownson, E.S., Umoetuk, G.B., Utin, I.S. Effects of ethanolic leaf extract of Spondias mombin on the pituitary-gonadal axis of female Wistar rats. asian pacific journal of reproduction, 2013, vol. 2, no. 3, p. 169–173. DOI: 10.1016/S2305-0500(13)60141-4. [DOI link]

Study relevance:

Human health
Plant part:

Leaves (as part-nature) (A0EKT)
Preparation/Extraction method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional plant/substance description:

Ethanol extract
Type of toxicological test:

reproduction toxicity (CHD009TT)
Tested organism:

Rat (as animal) (A0CNV)
Strain of test organism:

Wistar (CHD013ST)
Sex:

Female
Exposure duration:

14.0
Unit of exposure duration:

Day (G134A)
Number of organisms dosed:

18
Control groups used:

yes
Endpoint measured:

Concentration level (CHD013EP)
Concentration unit:

Milligrams per kilogram body weight (G225A)
Effect concentration:

250-500
Critical effect:

REPRODUCTIVE (TOX05A)
Target tissue:

Urogenital (TT006A)
Effect description:

Abortifacient effects: decrease in relative organ weights, uteri showed thickening of endometrial lining and presence of cysts, ovarian tissue damage, reduction in serum concentration of sex hormones
Effect or parameter linked to the endpoint:

reproduction (CHD014BE)
Internal remarks:

Abortifacient effects: decrease in relative organ weights, uteri showed thickening of endometrial lining and presence of cysts, ovarian tissue damage, reduction in serum concentration of sex hormones