EFSA Compendium of Botanicals

Draft - work in progress

Sorghum, sweet (as plant) // Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench

Family:: Poaceae
Approval state:: Approved
Number of articles retrieved:: 22658
Number of processed references:: 6

Compositions

#1: Phytic acid #2: Tannins #3: Hydrocyanic acid in seeds #4: cyanogenic glycosides (plant part unspecified) #5: Tannins in seeds #6: Coumarins in the seed #7: Alkaloids in the seed #8: Dhurrin in fresh stems #9: Dhurrin in dry stems #10: Dhurrin in fresh leaves #11: Dhurrin in dry leaves

Endpoint Studies

#1: cyanide toxicity in cattle #2: cyanide toxicity in horses #3: cyanide toxicity in goats

Genotoxicity

Composition #1: Sarwar Gilani, G., Xiao, Chao Wu., Cockell, Kevin A. Impact of Antinutritional Factors in Food Proteins on the Digestibility of Protein and the Bioavailability of Amino Acids and on Protein Quality. british journal of nutrition, 2012, p. S315–S332. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Seed (as part-nature) (A066P)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

unspecified
Substance:

phytic acid (RF-00000363-NTR)
Analytical method code:

Unspecified (F598A)
Result unit:

Gram/kilogram (G015A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

7.0
Internal remarks:

Phytic acid

Composition #2: Sarwar Gilani, G., Xiao, Chao Wu., Cockell, Kevin A. Impact of Antinutritional Factors in Food Proteins on the Digestibility of Protein and the Bioavailability of Amino Acids and on Protein Quality. british journal of nutrition, 2012, p. S315–S332. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Seed (as part-nature) (A066P)
Substance:

Tannins (RF-00004337-PAR)
Analytical method code:

Unspecified (F598A)
Result unit:

Gram/kilogram (G015A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

0.5-72.0
Internal remarks:

Tannins

Composition #3: Sher, Ahmad., Ansar, Muhammad., Fayyaz-ul-Hassan., Shabbir, Ghulam., Malik, Muhammad Azim. Hydrocyanic acid content variation amongst sorghum cultivars grown with varying seed rates and nitrogen levels. international journal of agriculture and biology, 2012, p. 720–726. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Seed (as part-nature) (A066P)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

Aq. Extraction
Substance:

Hydrocyanic acid (RF-00000333-TOX)
Additional substance description:

HCN content depending on cultivar, growth stage and agronomic practices
Analytical method code:

Colorimetry, Spectroscopy (Spectrometry) and Photometry (F008A)
Result unit:

Milligram/kilogram (G061A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

21-110
Internal remarks:

Hydrocyanic acid in seeds

Composition #4: Cho, Hye-Jeon., Do, Byung-Kyung., Shim, Soon-Mi., Kwon, Hoonjeong., Lee, Dong-Ha., Nah, Ahn-Hee., Choi, Youn-Ju., Lee, Sook-Yeon. Determination of cyanogenic compunds in edible plants by ion chromatography. toxicological research (seoul, republic of korea), 2013, p. 143–147. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Unspecified (A07XD)
Substance:

Cyanogenic glycosides (RF-00004375-PAR)
Substance used for equivalence:

Cyanide (RF-00000021-CHE)
Analytical method - additional description:

Ion chromatography
Result unit:

Microgram/gram (G049A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

<=1.39
Internal remarks:

cyanogenic glycosides (plant part unspecified)

Composition #5: Gupta, A., Sharma, S., Verma, H.K., Tyagi, D.S., Mishra, P.K., Patra, P.K. Phytochemical characterization of twelve medicinal plants used for sickle cell disease management in chhattisgarh. international journal of pharma and bio sciences, 2015, vol. 6, no. 2, p. B1062–B1070. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Seed (as part-nature) (A066P)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

water
Substance:

Tannins (RF-00004337-PAR)
Analytical method code:

Phytochemical screening (F604A)
Result unit:

Percent (G138A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

6.31
Internal remarks:

Tannins in seeds

Composition #6: Gupta, A., Sharma, S., Verma, H.K., Tyagi, D.S., Mishra, P.K., Patra, P.K. Phytochemical characterization of twelve medicinal plants used for sickle cell disease management in chhattisgarh. international journal of pharma and bio sciences, 2015, vol. 6, no. 2, p. B1062–B1070. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Seed (as part-nature) (A066P)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

Aq. Extraction
Substance:

coumarins (RF-00004351-PAR)
Analytical method - additional description:

Qualitative Method
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

Coumarins in the seed

Composition #7: Gupta, A., Sharma, S., Verma, H.K., Tyagi, D.S., Mishra, P.K., Patra, P.K. Phytochemical characterization of twelve medicinal plants used for sickle cell disease management in chhattisgarh. international journal of pharma and bio sciences, 2015, vol. 6, no. 2, p. B1062–B1070. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Seed (as part-nature) (A066P)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

water
Substance:

Alkaloids (RF-00004360-PAR)
Analytical method code:

Phytochemical screening (F604A)
Result unit:

Percent (G138A)
Result expression:

Dry matter (B002A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

4.26
Internal remarks:

Alkaloids in the seed

Composition #8: Gleadow, R. M., Ottman, M. J., Kimball, B. A., Wall, G. W., Pinter, P. J., Jr., LaMorte, R. L., Leavitt, S. W. Drought-induced changes in nitrogen partitioning between cyanide and nitrate in leaves and sterns of sorghum grown at elevated CO2 are age dependent . field crops research, 2016, vol. 185, p. 97–102. DOI: 10.1016/j.fcr.2015.10.010. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Stem / stalk (as part-nature) (A067S)
Additional extraction description:

fresh stems
Substance:

Dhurrin (RF-00008590-PAR)
Substance used for equivalence:

Cyanide (RF-00000021-CHE)
Analytical method code:

Colorimetry, Spectroscopy (Spectrometry) and Photometry (F008A)
Result unit:

Milligram/gram (G060A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

0.05 - 0.5
Internal remarks:

Dhurrin in fresh stems

Composition #9: Gleadow, R. M., Ottman, M. J., Kimball, B. A., Wall, G. W., Pinter, P. J., Jr., LaMorte, R. L., Leavitt, S. W. Drought-induced changes in nitrogen partitioning between cyanide and nitrate in leaves and sterns of sorghum grown at elevated CO2 are age dependent . field crops research, 2016, vol. 185, p. 97–102. DOI: 10.1016/j.fcr.2015.10.010. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Stem / stalk (as part-nature) (A067S)
Additional extraction description:

dry stem
Substance:

Dhurrin (RF-00008590-PAR)
Substance used for equivalence:

Cyanide (RF-00000021-CHE)
Analytical method code:

Colorimetry, Spectroscopy (Spectrometry) and Photometry (F008A)
Result unit:

Milligram/gram (G060A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

0.2 - 1.2
Internal remarks:

Dhurrin in dry stems

Composition #10: Gleadow, R. M., Ottman, M. J., Kimball, B. A., Wall, G. W., Pinter, P. J., Jr., LaMorte, R. L., Leavitt, S. W. Drought-induced changes in nitrogen partitioning between cyanide and nitrate in leaves and sterns of sorghum grown at elevated CO2 are age dependent . field crops research, 2016, vol. 185, p. 97–102. DOI: 10.1016/j.fcr.2015.10.010. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Leaves (as part-nature) (A0EKT)
Additional extraction description:

fresh leaves
Substance:

Dhurrin (RF-00008590-PAR)
Substance used for equivalence:

Cyanide (RF-00000021-CHE)
Analytical method code:

Colorimetry, Spectroscopy (Spectrometry) and Photometry (F008A)
Result unit:

Milligram/gram (G060A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

0.6 - 0.7
Internal remarks:

Dhurrin in fresh leaves

Composition #11: Gleadow, R. M., Ottman, M. J., Kimball, B. A., Wall, G. W., Pinter, P. J., Jr., LaMorte, R. L., Leavitt, S. W. Drought-induced changes in nitrogen partitioning between cyanide and nitrate in leaves and sterns of sorghum grown at elevated CO2 are age dependent . field crops research, 2016, vol. 185, p. 97–102. DOI: 10.1016/j.fcr.2015.10.010. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Leaves (as part-nature) (A0EKT)
Additional extraction description:

dry leaves
Substance:

Dhurrin (RF-00008590-PAR)
Substance used for equivalence:

Cyanide (RF-00000021-CHE)
Analytical method code:

Colorimetry, Spectroscopy (Spectrometry) and Photometry (F008A)
Result unit:

Milligram/gram (G060A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

0.8 - 1.5
Internal remarks:

Dhurrin in dry leaves

Endpoint study #1: Lopes Camara, Antonio Carlos., Dalcin, Luciana., Soto-Blanco, Benito. Pathogenesis, clinical signs and epidemiology of the poisoning by cyanogenic plants in the Brazilian northwest . semina-ciencias agrarias, 2014, vol. 35, no. 4, p. 1961–1971. DOI: 10.5433/1679-0359.2014v35n4p1961. [DOI link]

Study relevance:

Animal (target species) health
Substance:

Cyanogenic glycosides (RF-00004375-PAR)
Plant part:

Aerial part of plants (as part-nature) (A166F)
Type of toxicological test:

case report (CHD060TT)
Tested organism:

Cattle (as animal) (A057E)
Sex:

No data
Route of exposure:

ORAL: UNSPECIFIED (OECD2234PL)
Number of organisms dosed:

100
Endpoint measured:

Dose not reported (CHD066EP)
Critical effect:

Other toxicities (TOX19A)
Effect description:

cyanide toxicity observed in cattle leading to death for 50% of the cases
Effect or parameter linked to the endpoint:

mortality (CHD010BE)
Internal remarks:

cyanide toxicity in cattle

Endpoint study #2: Lopes Camara, Antonio Carlos., Dalcin, Luciana., Soto-Blanco, Benito. Pathogenesis, clinical signs and epidemiology of the poisoning by cyanogenic plants in the Brazilian northwest . semina-ciencias agrarias, 2014, vol. 35, no. 4, p. 1961–1971. DOI: 10.5433/1679-0359.2014v35n4p1961. [DOI link]

Study relevance:

Animal (target species) health
Substance:

Cyanogenic glycosides (RF-00004375-PAR)
Plant part:

Aerial part of plants (as part-nature) (A166F)
Type of toxicological test:

case report (CHD060TT)
Tested organism:

Horse (as animal) (A0B9Z)
Sex:

No data
Route of exposure:

ORAL: UNSPECIFIED (OECD2234PL)
Number of organisms dosed:

1
Endpoint measured:

Dose not reported (CHD066EP)
Critical effect:

Other toxicities (TOX19A)
Effect description:

cyanide toxicity leading to death
Effect or parameter linked to the endpoint:

mortality (CHD010BE)
Internal remarks:

cyanide toxicity in horses

Endpoint study #3: Lopes Camara, Antonio Carlos., Dalcin, Luciana., Soto-Blanco, Benito. Pathogenesis, clinical signs and epidemiology of the poisoning by cyanogenic plants in the Brazilian northwest . semina-ciencias agrarias, 2014, vol. 35, no. 4, p. 1961–1971. DOI: 10.5433/1679-0359.2014v35n4p1961. [DOI link]

Study relevance:

Animal (target species) health
Substance:

Cyanogenic glycosides (RF-00004375-PAR)
Plant part:

Aerial part of plants (as part-nature) (A166F)
Type of toxicological test:

case report (CHD060TT)
Tested organism:

Goat (as animal) (A057P)
Sex:

No data
Route of exposure:

ORAL: UNSPECIFIED (OECD2234PL)
Number of organisms dosed:

5
Endpoint measured:

Dose not reported (CHD066EP)
Critical effect:

Other toxicities (TOX19A)
Effect description:

cyanide toxicity leading to death in one case
Effect or parameter linked to the endpoint:

mortality (CHD010BE)
Internal remarks:

cyanide toxicity in goats