EFSA Compendium of Botanicals

Draft - work in progress

Potatoes and similar- // Solanum tuberosum L.

Family:: Solanaceae
Approval state:: Approved
Number of articles retrieved:: 15000
Number of processed references:: 7

Compositions

#1: alpha-solanine in leaves #2: alpha-chaconine in leaves #3: alpha-solanine in tubers #4: alpha-chaconine in tubers #5: Lectins in plant #6: Calystegine A3 in tubers #7: Calystegine B2 in tubers #8: alpha-chaconine in peel and flesh of tubers #9: alpha-solanine in peel and flesh of tubers #10: Saponins in tubers (tocosh flour) #11: Steroidal alkaloids in tubers (tocosh flour)

Endpoint Studies

#1: Liver organ damage (lymphocytes) in mice #2: Increased body weight gain in rats #3: Increased relative liver organ weights in rats #4: Hematological effects in rats #5: Kidney organ damage (Renal parenchyma) in mice #6: Teratogenic reproductive toxicity in hamsters (alpha-solanine) #7: Teratogenic reproductive toxicity in hamsters (alpha-chaconine) #8: Teratogenic reproductive toxicity in hamsters (22(R),25(S)-solanidine) #9: Liver weight and body weight reductions in mice (alpha-solanine extracted from sprouts) #10: Liver weight and body weight reductions in mice (alpha-chaconine extracted from sprouts)

Genotoxicity

Composition #1: Phillips, B.J., Hughes, J.A., Phillips, J.C., Walters, D.G., Anderson, D., Tahourdin, C.S.M. A study of the toxic hazard that might be associated with the consumption of green potato tops. food and chemical toxicology, 1996, vol. 34, no. 5, p. 439–448. DOI: 10.1016/0278-6915(96)87354-6. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Leaves (as part-nature) (A0EKT)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

water-distilled
Substance:

solanine (RF-00003582-PAR)
Additional substance description:

alpha-solanine
Analytical method code:

High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC)/Liquid Chromatography (LC) (F018A)
Result unit:

Milligram/100 gram (G057A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

0.64-22.60
Internal remarks:

alpha-solanine in leaves

Composition #2: Phillips, B.J., Hughes, J.A., Phillips, J.C., Walters, D.G., Anderson, D., Tahourdin, C.S.M. A study of the toxic hazard that might be associated with the consumption of green potato tops. food and chemical toxicology, 1996, vol. 34, no. 5, p. 439–448. DOI: 10.1016/0278-6915(96)87354-6. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Leaves (as part-nature) (A0EKT)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

water-distilled
Substance:

alpha-chaconine (RF-00003643-PAR)
Analytical method code:

High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC)/Liquid Chromatography (LC) (F018A)
Result unit:

Milligram/100 gram (G057A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

1.51- 55.73
Internal remarks:

alpha-chaconine in leaves

Composition #3: Phillips, B.J., Hughes, J.A., Phillips, J.C., Walters, D.G., Anderson, D., Tahourdin, C.S.M. A study of the toxic hazard that might be associated with the consumption of green potato tops. food and chemical toxicology, 1996, vol. 34, no. 5, p. 439–448. DOI: 10.1016/0278-6915(96)87354-6. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Roots and other underground parts used as staple food (as part-nature) (A0F5F)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

water-distilled
Substance:

solanine (RF-00003582-PAR)
Additional substance description:

alpha-solanine
Analytical method code:

High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC)/Liquid Chromatography (LC) (F018A)
Result unit:

Milligram/100 gram (G057A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

0.05- 3.20
Internal remarks:

alpha-solanine in tubers

Composition #4: Phillips, B.J., Hughes, J.A., Phillips, J.C., Walters, D.G., Anderson, D., Tahourdin, C.S.M. A study of the toxic hazard that might be associated with the consumption of green potato tops. food and chemical toxicology, 1996, vol. 34, no. 5, p. 439–448. DOI: 10.1016/0278-6915(96)87354-6. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Roots and other underground parts used as staple food (as part-nature) (A0F5F)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

water-distilled
Substance:

alpha-chaconine (RF-00003643-PAR)
Analytical method code:

High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC)/Liquid Chromatography (LC) (F018A)
Result unit:

Milligram/100 gram (G057A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

0.30-6.25
Internal remarks:

alpha-chaconine in tubers

Composition #5: Pomilio, A.B., Falzoni, E.M., Vitale, A.A. Toxic chemical compounds of the Solanaceae. natural product communications, 2008, vol. 3, no. 4, p. 593–628. DOI: 10.1177/1934578x0800300420. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Unspecified (A07XD)
Additional extraction description:

review article - no details provided
Substance:

Lectins (RF-00000439-ORG)
Additional substance description:

"Solanum tuberosum agglutinin - STA"
Analytical method code:

Unspecified (F598A)
Analytical method - additional description:

Review paper - no details given
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

Lectins in plant

Composition #6: Friedman, M. Analysis of biologically active compounds in potatoes (Solanum tuberosum), tomatoes (Lycopersicon esculentum), and jimson weed (Datura stramonium) seeds. journal of chromatography a, 2004, vol. 1054, no. 1-2, p. 143–155. DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2004.04.049. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Roots and other underground parts used as staple food (as part-nature) (A0F5F)
Substance:

calystegine A (RF-00004455-PAR)
Additional substance description:

Calystegine A3
Analytical method code:

GC-MS (F046A)
Result unit:

Milligram/kilogram (G061A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

0-87.1
Internal remarks:

Calystegine A3 in tubers

Composition #7: Friedman, M. Analysis of biologically active compounds in potatoes (Solanum tuberosum), tomatoes (Lycopersicon esculentum), and jimson weed (Datura stramonium) seeds. journal of chromatography a, 2004, vol. 1054, no. 1-2, p. 143–155. DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2004.04.049. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Roots and other underground parts used as staple food (as part-nature) (A0F5F)
Substance:

Calystegine B2 (RF-00004703-PAR)
Analytical method code:

GC-MS (F046A)
Result unit:

Milligram/kilogram (G061A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

0.8-380
Internal remarks:

Calystegine B2 in tubers

Composition #8: Aziz, A., Randhawa, MA., Butt, MS., Asghar, A., Yasin, M., Shibamoto, T. Glycoalkaloids (alpha-Chaconine and alpha-Solanine) Contents of Selected Pakistani Potato Cultivars and Their Dietary Intake Assessment. journal of food science, 2012, vol. 77, no. 3, p. T58–T61. DOI: 10.1111/j.1750-3841.2011.02582.x. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Roots and other underground parts used as staple food (as part-nature) (A0F5F)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

acetic acid then butanol (peel and flesh of tuber extracted and tested separately)
Substance:

alpha-chaconine (RF-00003643-PAR)
Additional substance description:

alpha-chaconine
Analytical method code:

High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC)/Liquid Chromatography (LC) (F018A)
Result unit:

Milligram/100 gram (G057A)
Result expression:

Dry matter (B002A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

3.94-6818.40
Internal remarks:

alpha-chaconine in peel and flesh of tubers

Composition #9: Aziz, A., Randhawa, MA., Butt, MS., Asghar, A., Yasin, M., Shibamoto, T. Glycoalkaloids (alpha-Chaconine and alpha-Solanine) Contents of Selected Pakistani Potato Cultivars and Their Dietary Intake Assessment. journal of food science, 2012, vol. 77, no. 3, p. T58–T61. DOI: 10.1111/j.1750-3841.2011.02582.x. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Roots and other underground parts used as staple food (as part-nature) (A0F5F)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

acetic acid then butanol (peel and flesh of tuber extracted and tested separately)
Substance:

solanine (RF-00003582-PAR)
Additional substance description:

alpha-solanine
Analytical method code:

High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC)/Liquid Chromatography (LC) (F018A)
Result unit:

Milligram/100 gram (G057A)
Result expression:

Dry matter (B002A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

4.01-7097.74
Internal remarks:

alpha-solanine in peel and flesh of tubers

Composition #10: Velasco-Chong, JR., Herrera-Calderon, O., Rojas-Armas, JP., Hanari-Quispe, RD., Figueroa-Salvador, L., Pena-Rojas, G., Andia-Ayme, V., Yuli-Posadas, RA., Yepes-Perez, AF., Aguilar, C. TOCOSH FLOUR (Solanum tuberosum L.): A Toxicological Assessment of Traditional Peruvian Fermented Potatoes. foods, 2020, vol. 9, no. 6 . DOI: 10.3390/foods9060719. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Roots and other underground parts used as staple food (as part-nature) (A0F5F)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Powder (A06JD)
Additional extraction description:

"Tocosh flour" is produced for consumption by letting potatoes sit for 6 months in pools protected with straw near a stream. Then the "tocosh" was dried and powdered, and dissolved in water.
Substance:

Saponins (RF-00004333-PAR)
Analytical method code:

Phytochemical screening (F604A)
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

Saponins in tubers (tocosh flour)

Composition #11: Velasco-Chong, JR., Herrera-Calderon, O., Rojas-Armas, JP., Hanari-Quispe, RD., Figueroa-Salvador, L., Pena-Rojas, G., Andia-Ayme, V., Yuli-Posadas, RA., Yepes-Perez, AF., Aguilar, C. TOCOSH FLOUR (Solanum tuberosum L.): A Toxicological Assessment of Traditional Peruvian Fermented Potatoes. foods, 2020, vol. 9, no. 6 . DOI: 10.3390/foods9060719. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Roots and other underground parts used as staple food (as part-nature) (A0F5F)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Powder (A06JD)
Additional extraction description:

"Tocosh flour" is produced for consumption by letting potatoes sit for 6 months in pools protected with straw near a stream. Then the "tocosh" was dried and powdered, and dissolved in water.
Substance:

Steroidal alkaloids (RF-00004336-PAR)
Analytical method code:

Phytochemical screening (F604A)
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

Steroidal alkaloids in tubers (tocosh flour)

Endpoint study #1: Velasco-Chong, JR., Herrera-Calderon, O., Rojas-Armas, JP., Hanari-Quispe, RD., Figueroa-Salvador, L., Pena-Rojas, G., Andia-Ayme, V., Yuli-Posadas, RA., Yepes-Perez, AF., Aguilar, C. TOCOSH FLOUR (Solanum tuberosum L.): A Toxicological Assessment of Traditional Peruvian Fermented Potatoes. foods, 2020, vol. 9, no. 6 . DOI: 10.3390/foods9060719. [DOI link]

Study relevance:

Human health
Plant part:

Roots and other underground parts used as staple food (as part-nature) (A0F5F)
Preparation/Extraction method:

Powder (A06JD)
Additional plant/substance description:

"Tocosh flour" is produced for consumption by letting potatoes sit for 6 months in pools protected with straw near a stream. Then the "tocosh" was dried and powdered, and dissolved in water.
Type of toxicological test:

acute toxicity (CHD016TT)
Guideline used:

Equivalent or similar to
Guideline:

OTHER GUIDELINE (OECD2246PL)
Tested organism:

House mouse (as animal) (A0CNT)
Strain of test organism:

Balb/c (CHD002ST)
Sex:

Male/Female
Route of exposure:

ORAL: UNSPECIFIED (OECD2234PL)
Exposure duration:

1.0
Unit of exposure duration:

single (food/feed) (G203A)
Number of organisms dosed:

20
Control groups used:

no
Endpoint measured:

Dose level (CHD014EP)
Concentration unit:

Milligrams per kilogram body weight (G225A)
Effect concentration:

2000-5000
Critical effect:

HEPATOTOXICITY (TOX02A)
Target tissue:

digestive: Liver (TT023A)
Effect description:

Minor organ damage observed in liver (parenchymal lymphocyte). No external signs of liver damage. OECD 420
Effect or parameter linked to the endpoint:

histopathology non neoplastic (CHD025BE)
Internal remarks:

Liver organ damage (lymphocytes) in mice

Endpoint study #2: Velasco-Chong, JR., Herrera-Calderon, O., Rojas-Armas, JP., Hanari-Quispe, RD., Figueroa-Salvador, L., Pena-Rojas, G., Andia-Ayme, V., Yuli-Posadas, RA., Yepes-Perez, AF., Aguilar, C. TOCOSH FLOUR (Solanum tuberosum L.): A Toxicological Assessment of Traditional Peruvian Fermented Potatoes. foods, 2020, vol. 9, no. 6 . DOI: 10.3390/foods9060719. [DOI link]

Study relevance:

Human health
Plant part:

Roots and other underground parts used as staple food (as part-nature) (A0F5F)
Preparation/Extraction method:

Powder (A06JD)
Additional plant/substance description:

"Tocosh flour" is produced for consumption by letting potatoes sit for 6 months in pools protected with straw near a stream. Then the "tocosh" was dried and powdered, and dissolved in water.
Type of toxicological test:

short-term toxicity (CHD017TT)
Guideline used:

Equivalent or similar to
Guideline:

OECD GUIDELINE 407 (REPEATED DOSE 28-DAY ORAL TOXICITY IN RODENTS) (OECD1255PL)
Tested organism:

Rat (as animal) (A0CNV)
Strain of test organism:

Other (CHD049ST)
Sex:

Male/Female
Route of exposure:

ORAL: UNSPECIFIED (OECD2234PL)
Exposure duration:

28.0
Unit of exposure duration:

Day (G134A)
Number of organisms dosed:

10
Control groups used:

yes, concurrent vehicle
Endpoint measured:

Dose level (CHD014EP)
Concentration unit:

Milligrams per kilogram body weight per day (G211A)
Effect concentration:

1000
Critical effect:

SYSTEMIC (TOX01A)
Effect description:

Increased body weight gain compared to controls in male and female rats.
Effect or parameter linked to the endpoint:

body weight (CHD005BE)
Internal remarks:

Increased body weight gain in rats

Endpoint study #3: Velasco-Chong, JR., Herrera-Calderon, O., Rojas-Armas, JP., Hanari-Quispe, RD., Figueroa-Salvador, L., Pena-Rojas, G., Andia-Ayme, V., Yuli-Posadas, RA., Yepes-Perez, AF., Aguilar, C. TOCOSH FLOUR (Solanum tuberosum L.): A Toxicological Assessment of Traditional Peruvian Fermented Potatoes. foods, 2020, vol. 9, no. 6 . DOI: 10.3390/foods9060719. [DOI link]

Study relevance:

Human health
Plant part:

Roots and other underground parts used as staple food (as part-nature) (A0F5F)
Preparation/Extraction method:

Powder (A06JD)
Additional plant/substance description:

"Tocosh flour" is produced for consumption by letting potatoes sit for 6 months in pools protected with straw near a stream. Then the "tocosh" was dried and powdered, and dissolved in water.
Type of toxicological test:

short-term toxicity (CHD017TT)
Guideline used:

Equivalent or similar to
Guideline:

OECD GUIDELINE 407 (REPEATED DOSE 28-DAY ORAL TOXICITY IN RODENTS) (OECD1255PL)
Tested organism:

Rat (as animal) (A0CNV)
Strain of test organism:

Other (CHD049ST)
Sex:

Male/Female
Route of exposure:

ORAL: UNSPECIFIED (OECD2234PL)
Exposure duration:

28.0
Unit of exposure duration:

Day (G134A)
Number of organisms dosed:

10
Control groups used:

yes, concurrent vehicle
Endpoint measured:

Dose level (CHD014EP)
Concentration unit:

Milligrams per kilogram body weight per day (G211A)
Effect concentration:

1000
Critical effect:

HEPATOTOXICITY (TOX02A)
Target tissue:

digestive: Liver (TT023A)
Effect description:

Increased relative liver organ weight compared to controls in male and female rats.
Effect or parameter linked to the endpoint:

organ weights (CHD012BE)
Internal remarks:

Increased relative liver organ weights in rats

Endpoint study #4: Velasco-Chong, JR., Herrera-Calderon, O., Rojas-Armas, JP., Hanari-Quispe, RD., Figueroa-Salvador, L., Pena-Rojas, G., Andia-Ayme, V., Yuli-Posadas, RA., Yepes-Perez, AF., Aguilar, C. TOCOSH FLOUR (Solanum tuberosum L.): A Toxicological Assessment of Traditional Peruvian Fermented Potatoes. foods, 2020, vol. 9, no. 6 . DOI: 10.3390/foods9060719. [DOI link]

Study relevance:

Human health
Plant part:

Roots and other underground parts used as staple food (as part-nature) (A0F5F)
Preparation/Extraction method:

Powder (A06JD)
Additional plant/substance description:

"Tocosh flour" is produced for consumption by letting potatoes sit for 6 months in pools protected with straw near a stream. Then the "tocosh" was dried and powdered, and dissolved in water.
Type of toxicological test:

short-term toxicity (CHD017TT)
Guideline used:

Equivalent or similar to
Guideline:

OECD GUIDELINE 407 (REPEATED DOSE 28-DAY ORAL TOXICITY IN RODENTS) (OECD1255PL)
Tested organism:

Rat (as animal) (A0CNV)
Strain of test organism:

Other (CHD049ST)
Sex:

Male/Female
Route of exposure:

ORAL: UNSPECIFIED (OECD2234PL)
Exposure duration:

28.0
Unit of exposure duration:

Day (G134A)
Number of organisms dosed:

10
Control groups used:

yes, concurrent vehicle
Endpoint measured:

Dose level (CHD014EP)
Concentration unit:

Milligrams per kilogram body weight per day (G211A)
Effect concentration:

1000
Critical effect:

SYSTEMIC (TOX01A)
Target tissue:

Cardiovascular / Haematological (TT001A)
Effect description:

Increased LDL, decreased triglycerides and change in monocyte counts compared to controls.
Effect or parameter linked to the endpoint:

haematology (CHD023BE)
Internal remarks:

Hematological effects in rats

Endpoint study #5: Velasco-Chong, JR., Herrera-Calderon, O., Rojas-Armas, JP., Hanari-Quispe, RD., Figueroa-Salvador, L., Pena-Rojas, G., Andia-Ayme, V., Yuli-Posadas, RA., Yepes-Perez, AF., Aguilar, C. TOCOSH FLOUR (Solanum tuberosum L.): A Toxicological Assessment of Traditional Peruvian Fermented Potatoes. foods, 2020, vol. 9, no. 6 . DOI: 10.3390/foods9060719. [DOI link]

Study relevance:

Human health
Plant part:

Roots and other underground parts used as staple food (as part-nature) (A0F5F)
Preparation/Extraction method:

Powder (A06JD)
Additional plant/substance description:

"Tocosh flour" is produced for consumption by letting potatoes sit for 6 months in pools protected with straw near a stream. Then the "tocosh" was dried and powdered, and dissolved in water.
Type of toxicological test:

acute toxicity (CHD016TT)
Guideline used:

Equivalent or similar to
Guideline:

OTHER GUIDELINE (OECD2246PL)
Tested organism:

House mouse (as animal) (A0CNT)
Strain of test organism:

Balb/c (CHD002ST)
Sex:

Male/Female
Route of exposure:

ORAL: UNSPECIFIED (OECD2234PL)
Exposure duration:

1.0
Unit of exposure duration:

single (food/feed) (G203A)
Number of organisms dosed:

20
Control groups used:

no
Endpoint measured:

Dose level (CHD014EP)
Concentration unit:

Milligrams per kilogram body weight (G225A)
Effect concentration:

2000-5000
Critical effect:

NEPHROTOXICITY (TOX03A)
Target tissue:

urogenital: Kidneys (TT046A)
Effect description:

Minor organ damage observed in kidneys (Renal parenchyma with isolated chronic interstitial inflammatory infiltrate). No external signs of kidney damage. OECD 420
Effect or parameter linked to the endpoint:

histopathology non neoplastic (CHD025BE)
Internal remarks:

Kidney organ damage (Renal parenchyma) in mice

Endpoint study #6: Gaffield, W., Keeler, RF. Induction of terata in hamsters by solanidane alkaloids derived from Solanum tuberosum. chemical research in toxicology, 1996, vol. 9, no. 2, p. 426–433. DOI: 10.1021/tx950091r. [DOI link]

Study relevance:

Human health
Substance:

solanine (RF-00003582-PAR)
Plant part:

Sprout (as part-nature) (A067R)
Preparation/Extraction method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional plant/substance description:

isolated from S. tuberosum sprouts with CH3COOH then EtOAc and EtOH
Type of toxicological test:

reproduction toxicity (CHD009TT)
Tested organism:

Hamster (as animal) (A0CNX)
Sex:

Female
Route of exposure:

ORAL: GAVAGE (OECD2231PL)
Exposure duration:

1.0
Unit of exposure duration:

Unit (G005A)
Control groups used:

yes, concurrent vehicle
Endpoint measured:

Dose level (CHD014EP)
Concentration unit:

Millimole/kilogram (G070A)
Effect concentration:

0.28
Critical effect:

TERATOGENIC (TOX06A)
Target tissue:

urogenital: Uterus (TT052A)
Effect description:

Increased percentage of abnormal litters, abnormal fetuses and resorptions, as well as overdose deaths compared to control following a-solanine administration on the eighth day of gestation
Effect or parameter linked to the endpoint:

reproduction (CHD014BE)
Internal remarks:

Teratogenic reproductive toxicity in hamsters (alpha-solanine)

Endpoint study #7: Gaffield, W., Keeler, RF. Induction of terata in hamsters by solanidane alkaloids derived from Solanum tuberosum. chemical research in toxicology, 1996, vol. 9, no. 2, p. 426–433. DOI: 10.1021/tx950091r. [DOI link]

Study relevance:

Human health
Substance:

alpha-chaconine (RF-00003643-PAR)
Plant part:

Sprout (as part-nature) (A067R)
Preparation/Extraction method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional plant/substance description:

isolated from S. tuberosum sprouts with CH3COOH then EtOAc and EtOH
Type of toxicological test:

reproduction toxicity (CHD009TT)
Tested organism:

Hamster (as animal) (A0CNX)
Sex:

Female
Route of exposure:

ORAL: GAVAGE (OECD2231PL)
Exposure duration:

1.0
Unit of exposure duration:

Unit (G005A)
Control groups used:

yes, concurrent vehicle
Endpoint measured:

Dose level (CHD014EP)
Concentration unit:

Millimole/kilogram (G070A)
Effect concentration:

0.21
Critical effect:

TERATOGENIC (TOX06A)
Target tissue:

urogenital: Uterus (TT052A)
Effect description:

Increased percentage of abnormal litters, abnormal fetuses and resorptions, as well as overdose deaths compared to control following a-chaconine administration on the eighth day of gestation
Effect or parameter linked to the endpoint:

reproduction (CHD014BE)
Internal remarks:

Teratogenic reproductive toxicity in hamsters (alpha-chaconine)

Endpoint study #8: Gaffield, W., Keeler, RF. Induction of terata in hamsters by solanidane alkaloids derived from Solanum tuberosum. chemical research in toxicology, 1996, vol. 9, no. 2, p. 426–433. DOI: 10.1021/tx950091r. [DOI link]

Study relevance:

Human health
Substance:

solanidine (RF-00010967-PAR)
Plant part:

Sprout (as part-nature) (A067R)
Preparation/Extraction method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional plant/substance description:

isolated from S.tuberosum with CH3COOH then EtOAc and EtOH and then hydrolysis
Type of toxicological test:

reproduction toxicity (CHD009TT)
Tested organism:

Hamster (as animal) (A0CNX)
Sex:

Female
Route of exposure:

ORAL: GAVAGE (OECD2231PL)
Exposure duration:

1.0
Unit of exposure duration:

Unit (G005A)
Control groups used:

yes, concurrent vehicle
Endpoint measured:

Dose level (CHD014EP)
Concentration unit:

Millimole/kilogram (G070A)
Effect concentration:

0.29
Critical effect:

TERATOGENIC (TOX06A)
Target tissue:

urogenital: Uterus (TT052A)
Effect description:

Increased percentage of abnormal litters, abnormal fetuses and resorptions, as well as overdose deaths compared to control following 22(R),25(S)-solanidine administration on the eighth day of gestation
Effect or parameter linked to the endpoint:

reproduction (CHD014BE)
Internal remarks:

Teratogenic reproductive toxicity in hamsters (22(R),25(S)-solanidine)

Endpoint study #9: Friedman, M., Henika, PR., Mackey, BE. Feeding of potato, tomato and eggplant alkaloids affects food consumption and body and liver weights in mice. journal of nutrition, 1996, vol. 126, no. 4, p. 989–999. .

Study relevance:

Human health
Substance:

solanine (RF-00003582-PAR)
Plant part:

Sprout (as part-nature) (A067R)
Additional plant/substance description:

isolated from S.tuberosum sprouts
Type of toxicological test:

short-term toxicity (CHD017TT)
Tested organism:

House mouse (as animal) (A0CNT)
Strain of test organism:

SwissWebster (CHD006ST)
Sex:

Female
Route of exposure:

ORAL: FEED (OECD2230PL)
Exposure duration:

7.0
Unit of exposure duration:

Day (G134A)
Number of organisms dosed:

8
Control groups used:

yes, plain diet
Endpoint measured:

Dose level (CHD014EP)
Concentration unit:

Millimole/kilogram (G070A)
Effect concentration:

2.4
Critical effect:

SYSTEMIC (TOX01A)
Target tissue:

digestive: Liver (TT023A)
Effect description:

Significant reduction in body weights and liver weights compared to controls.
Effect or parameter linked to the endpoint:

organ weights (CHD012BE)
Internal remarks:

Liver weight and body weight reductions in mice (alpha-solanine extracted from sprouts)

Endpoint study #10: Friedman, M., Henika, PR., Mackey, BE. Feeding of potato, tomato and eggplant alkaloids affects food consumption and body and liver weights in mice. journal of nutrition, 1996, vol. 126, no. 4, p. 989–999. .

Study relevance:

Human health
Substance:

alpha-chaconine (RF-00003643-PAR)
Plant part:

Sprout (as part-nature) (A067R)
Additional plant/substance description:

isolated from S.tuberosum sprouts
Type of toxicological test:

short-term toxicity (CHD017TT)
Tested organism:

House mouse (as animal) (A0CNT)
Strain of test organism:

SwissWebster (CHD006ST)
Sex:

Female
Route of exposure:

ORAL: FEED (OECD2230PL)
Exposure duration:

7.0
Unit of exposure duration:

Day (G134A)
Number of organisms dosed:

8
Control groups used:

yes, plain diet
Endpoint measured:

Dose level (CHD014EP)
Concentration unit:

Millimole/kilogram (G070A)
Effect concentration:

2.4
Critical effect:

SYSTEMIC (TOX01A)
Target tissue:

digestive: Liver (TT023A)
Effect description:

Significant reduction in body weights and liver weights compared to controls.
Effect or parameter linked to the endpoint:

organ weights (CHD012BE)
Internal remarks:

Liver weight and body weight reductions in mice (alpha-chaconine extracted from sprouts)