EFSA Compendium of Botanicals

Draft - work in progress

Turkey berry (as plant) // Solanum torvum Sw.

Family:: Solanaceae
Approval state:: Approved
Number of articles retrieved:: 605
Number of processed references:: 8

Endpoint Studies

#1: miosis, opsoclonus, severe dysarthria, dysmetria, mild extremity tenderness and weakness, and inability to ambulate. #2: CNS neurotoxicity

Genotoxicity

Composition #1: Abatan, M. O., Arowolo, R. O., Olurunsogo, O. O. Phytochemical analysis of some commonly occurring poisonous plants in Nigerian pastures . tropical veterinarian, 1997, vol. 15, no. 1-2, p. 49–54. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Leaves (as part-nature) (A0EKT)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

Water
Substance:

Cyanide (RF-00000021-CHE)
Analytical method code:

Traditional analytical techniques (wet chemical tests) (F003A)
Result unit:

Milligram/kilogram (G061A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

13.2
Internal remarks:

cyanide

Composition #2: Abatan, M. O., Arowolo, R. O., Olurunsogo, O. O. Phytochemical analysis of some commonly occurring poisonous plants in Nigerian pastures . tropical veterinarian, 1997, vol. 15, no. 1-2, p. 49–54. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Leaves (as part-nature) (A0EKT)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

Water/HCl
Substance:

Oxalates (RF-00004308-PAR)
Analytical method code:

Traditional analytical techniques (wet chemical tests) (F003A)
Result unit:

Percent (G138A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

0.18
Internal remarks:

Oxalates

Composition #3: Abatan, M. O., Arowolo, R. O., Olurunsogo, O. O. Phytochemical analysis of some commonly occurring poisonous plants in Nigerian pastures . tropical veterinarian, 1997, vol. 15, no. 1-2, p. 49–54. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Leaves (as part-nature) (A0EKT)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

Water
Substance:

Nitrites Nitrites (RF-00000087-CHE)
Analytical method code:

Traditional analytical techniques (wet chemical tests) (F003A)
Result unit:

Milligram/gram (G060A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

8.91
Internal remarks:

Nitrites

Composition #4: Abatan, M. O., Arowolo, R. O., Olurunsogo, O. O. Phytochemical analysis of some commonly occurring poisonous plants in Nigerian pastures . tropical veterinarian, 1997, vol. 15, no. 1-2, p. 49–54. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Leaves (as part-nature) (A0EKT)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

Water
Substance:

nitrates nitrates (RF-00011480-PAR)
Analytical method code:

Traditional analytical techniques (wet chemical tests) (F003A)
Result unit:

Milligram/gram (G060A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

16.10
Internal remarks:

Nitrates

Composition #5: Glover, Robert L., Connors, Nicholas J., Stefan, Cristiana., Wong, Ernest., Hoffman, Robert S., Nelson, Lewis S., Milstein, Mark., Smith, Silas W., Swerdlow, Michael. Electromyographic and laboratory findings in acute Solanum torvum poisoning*. Clinical Toxicology, 2016, p. 61–65. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Fruit unspecified (as part-nature) (A067D)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

Unspecified
Substance:

solanine (RF-00003582-PAR)
Analytical method code:

HPLC with standard detection methods (F019A)
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

Solanine

Composition #6: Glover, Robert L., Connors, Nicholas J., Stefan, Cristiana., Wong, Ernest., Hoffman, Robert S., Nelson, Lewis S., Milstein, Mark., Smith, Silas W., Swerdlow, Michael. Electromyographic and laboratory findings in acute Solanum torvum poisoning*. Clinical Toxicology, 2016, p. 61–65. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Fruit unspecified (as part-nature) (A067D)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

Unspecified
Substance:

solasonine (RF-00003584-PAR)
Analytical method code:

HPLC with standard detection methods (F019A)
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

Solasonine

Composition #7: Glover, Robert L., Connors, Nicholas J., Stefan, Cristiana., Wong, Ernest., Hoffman, Robert S., Nelson, Lewis S., Milstein, Mark., Smith, Silas W., Swerdlow, Michael. Electromyographic and laboratory findings in acute Solanum torvum poisoning*. Clinical Toxicology, 2016, p. 61–65. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Fruit unspecified (as part-nature) (A067D)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

Unspecified
Substance:

alpha-chaconine (RF-00003643-PAR)
Analytical method code:

HPLC with standard detection methods (F019A)
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

chaconine

Composition #8: Glover, Robert L., Connors, Nicholas J., Stefan, Cristiana., Wong, Ernest., Hoffman, Robert S., Nelson, Lewis S., Milstein, Mark., Smith, Silas W., Swerdlow, Michael. Electromyographic and laboratory findings in acute Solanum torvum poisoning*. Clinical Toxicology, 2016, p. 61–65. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Fruit unspecified (as part-nature) (A067D)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

Unspecified
Substance:

solamargine (RF-00003581-PAR)
Analytical method code:

HPLC with standard detection methods (F019A)
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

Solamargine

Composition #9: Perez-Amador, M. C., Ocotero, V. Munoz., Castaneda, J. M. Garcia., Esquinca, A. R. Gonzalez. Alkaloids in Solanum torvum Sw (Solanaceae). PHYTON-INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY, 2007, vol. 76, p. 39–45. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Leaves (as part-nature) (A0EKT)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

methanol; selective extraction/ column chromatography
Substance:

solamargine (RF-00003581-PAR)
Analytical method code:

Gelpermeation, High Performance Thin Layer Chromatography (HPTLC) (F017A)
Analytical method - additional description:

NMR, TLC
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

solamargine

Composition #10: Perez-Amador, M. C., Ocotero, V. Munoz., Castaneda, J. M. Garcia., Esquinca, A. R. Gonzalez. Alkaloids in Solanum torvum Sw (Solanaceae). PHYTON-INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY, 2007, vol. 76, p. 39–45. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Leaves (as part-nature) (A0EKT)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

methanol; selective extraction/ column chromatography
Substance:

solasodine (RF-00003583-PAR)
Analytical method code:

Gelpermeation, High Performance Thin Layer Chromatography (HPTLC) (F017A)
Analytical method - additional description:

NMR, TLC
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

solasodine

Composition #11: Perez-Amador, M. C., Ocotero, V. Munoz., Castaneda, J. M. Garcia., Esquinca, A. R. Gonzalez. Alkaloids in Solanum torvum Sw (Solanaceae). PHYTON-INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY, 2007, vol. 76, p. 39–45. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Leaves (as part-nature) (A0EKT)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

methanol; selective extraction/ column chromatography
Substance:

solasonine (RF-00003584-PAR)
Analytical method code:

Gelpermeation, High Performance Thin Layer Chromatography (HPTLC) (F017A)
Analytical method - additional description:

NMR, TLC
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

solasonine

Composition #12: Perez-Amador, M. C., Ocotero, V. Munoz., Castaneda, J. M. Garcia., Esquinca, A. R. Gonzalez. Alkaloids in Solanum torvum Sw (Solanaceae). PHYTON-INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY, 2007, vol. 76, p. 39–45. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Leaves (as part-nature) (A0EKT)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

methanol; selective extraction/ column chromatography
Substance:

Alkaloids (RF-00004360-PAR)
Additional substance description:

Total alkaloids
Analytical method code:

Gelpermeation, High Performance Thin Layer Chromatography (HPTLC) (F017A)
Analytical method - additional description:

NMR, TLC
Result unit:

Percent (G138A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

0.12
Internal remarks:

Total alkaloids

Composition #13: Smith, Silas W., Giesbrecht, Esther., Thompson, Margaret., Nelson, Lewis S., Hoffman, Robert S. Solanaceous steroidal glycoalkaloids and poisoning by Solanum torvum, the normally edible susumber berry. TOXICON, 2008, vol. 52, no. 6, p. 667–676. DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2008.07.016. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Fruit unspecified (as part-nature) (A067D)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

methanol
Substance:

solamargine (RF-00003581-PAR)
Analytical method code:

HPLC-UV (F021A)
Result unit:

Milligram/piece (G065A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

1.0-2.2
Internal remarks:

solamargine

Composition #14: Smith, Silas W., Giesbrecht, Esther., Thompson, Margaret., Nelson, Lewis S., Hoffman, Robert S. Solanaceous steroidal glycoalkaloids and poisoning by Solanum torvum, the normally edible susumber berry. TOXICON, 2008, vol. 52, no. 6, p. 667–676. DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2008.07.016. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Fruit unspecified (as part-nature) (A067D)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

methanol
Substance:

Alkaloids (RF-00004360-PAR)
Additional substance description:

glycoalkaloids
Analytical method code:

HPLC-UV (F021A)
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

glycoalkaloids

Composition #15: Smith, Silas W., Giesbrecht, Esther., Thompson, Margaret., Nelson, Lewis S., Hoffman, Robert S. Solanaceous steroidal glycoalkaloids and poisoning by Solanum torvum, the normally edible susumber berry. TOXICON, 2008, vol. 52, no. 6, p. 667–676. DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2008.07.016. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Fruit unspecified (as part-nature) (A067D)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

methanol
Substance:

solasonine (RF-00003584-PAR)
Analytical method code:

HPLC-UV (F021A)
Result unit:

Milligram/piece (G065A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

0.1-0.6
Internal remarks:

solasonine

Composition #16: Lu, Yuanyuan., Luo, Jianguang., Huang, Xuefeng., Kong, Lingyi. Four new steroidal glycosides from Solanum torvum and their cytotoxic activities. STEROIDS, 2009, vol. 74, no. 1, p. 95–101. DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2008.09.011. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Aerial part of plants (as part-nature) (A166F)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

Ethanol
Substance:

steroidal saponins (RF-00010818-PAR)
Additional substance description:

solanolactoside A and B
Analytical method code:

Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) (F061A)
Analytical method - additional description:

HPLC fractionation, NMR, MS
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

solanolactoside A and B

Composition #17: Lu, Yuanyuan., Luo, Jianguang., Huang, Xuefeng., Kong, Lingyi. Four new steroidal glycosides from Solanum torvum and their cytotoxic activities. STEROIDS, 2009, vol. 74, no. 1, p. 95–101. DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2008.09.011. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Aerial part of plants (as part-nature) (A166F)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

Ethanol
Substance:

Steroidal spirostane saponins Steroidal spirostane saponins (RF-00004321-PAR)
Additional substance description:

Torvoside M and N
Analytical method code:

Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) (F061A)
Analytical method - additional description:

HPLC fractionation, NMR, MS
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

Torvoside M and N

Composition #18: Ogunwande, Isiaka A., Avoseh, Nudewhenu O., Flamini, Guido., Hassan, Alimot-Sadiat O., Ogunmoye, AbdulRazaq O., Ogunsanwo, Akindele O., Yusuf, Kamorudeen O., Kelechi, Atuonwu O., Tiamiyu, Zainab A., Tabowei, Godgift O. Essential Oils from the Leaves of Six Medicinal Plants of Nigeria. NATURAL PRODUCT COMMUNICATIONS, 2013, vol. 8, no. 2, p. 243–248. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Leaves (as part-nature) (A0EKT)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Essential oil (as part-nature) (A166Q)
Additional extraction description:

Hydrodistillation
Substance:

furan derivatives (RF-00004396-PAR)
Additional substance description:

2-Pentyl furan
Analytical method code:

GC-MS (F046A)
Result unit:

Percent (G138A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

1.8
Internal remarks:

2-Pentyl furan

Composition #19: Li, Jinsheng., Zhang, Lu., Huang, Cheng., Guo, Fujiang., Li, Yiming. Five new cyotoxic steroidal glycosides from the fruits of Solanum torvum. FITOTERAPIA, 2014, vol. 93, p. 209–215. DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2014.01.009. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Fruit unspecified (as part-nature) (A067D)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

methanol
Substance:

steroidal furostan saponins steroidal furostan saponins (RF-00004397-PAR)
Analytical method code:

Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) (F061A)
Analytical method - additional description:

HPLC, NMR, MS
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

Steroidal furostan saponins

Composition #20: Li, Jinsheng., Zhang, Lu., Huang, Cheng., Guo, Fujiang., Li, Yiming. Five new cyotoxic steroidal glycosides from the fruits of Solanum torvum. FITOTERAPIA, 2014, vol. 93, p. 209–215. DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2014.01.009. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Fruit unspecified (as part-nature) (A067D)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

methanol
Substance:

steroidal saponins (RF-00010818-PAR)
Analytical method code:

Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) (F061A)
Analytical method - additional description:

HPLC, NMR, MS
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

Steroidal saponins

Composition #21: Simaratanamongkol, Arunee., Umehara, Kaoru., Niki, Hiroki., Noguchi, Hiroshi., Panichayupakaranant, Pharkphoom. Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory activity of Solanum torvum and isolation of a novel methyl salicylate glycoside. JOURNAL OF FUNCTIONAL FOODS, 2014, vol. 11, p. 557–562. DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2014.08.014. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Fruit unspecified (as part-nature) (A067D)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

n-hexane, ethyl acetate and methanol
Substance:

Salicylates (RF-00004331-PAR)
Additional substance description:

methyl salicylate glycosides
Analytical method code:

Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) (F061A)
Analytical method - additional description:

HPLC fractionation, NMR, MS
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

methyl salicylate glycosides

Endpoint study #1: Glover, Robert L., Connors, Nicholas J., Stefan, Cristiana., Wong, Ernest., Hoffman, Robert S., Nelson, Lewis S., Milstein, Mark., Smith, Silas W., Swerdlow, Michael. Electromyographic and laboratory findings in acute Solanum torvum poisoning*. Clinical Toxicology, 2016, p. 61–65. .

Study relevance:

Human health
Plant part:

Fruit unspecified (as part-nature) (A067D)
Type of toxicological test:

case report (CHD060TT)
Tested organism:

Human (as organism) (A056J)
Sex:

Female
Route of exposure:

OTHER (OECD0PL)
Number of organisms dosed:

1
Endpoint measured:

Dose not reported (CHD066EP)
Critical effect:

NEUROTOXICITY (TOX04A)
Target tissue:

neurologic: Central Nervous System (TT035A)
Effect description:

miosis, opsoclonus, severe dysarthria, dysmetria, mild extremity tenderness and weakness, and inability to ambulate.
Effect or parameter linked to the endpoint:

neurology (CHD027BE)
Internal remarks:

miosis, opsoclonus, severe dysarthria, dysmetria, mild extremity tenderness and weakness, and inability to ambulate.

Endpoint study #2: Smith, Silas W., Giesbrecht, Esther., Thompson, Margaret., Nelson, Lewis S., Hoffman, Robert S. Solanaceous steroidal glycoalkaloids and poisoning by Solanum torvum, the normally edible susumber berry. TOXICON, 2008, vol. 52, no. 6, p. 667–676. DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2008.07.016. [DOI link]

Study relevance:

Human health
Plant part:

Fruit unspecified (as part-nature) (A067D)
Type of toxicological test:

case report (CHD060TT)
Tested organism:

Human (as organism) (A056J)
Sex:

Male/Female
Route of exposure:

OTHER (OECD0PL)
Number of organisms dosed:

11
Control groups used:

no
Endpoint measured:

Dose not reported (CHD066EP)
Critical effect:

NEUROTOXICITY (TOX04A)
Target tissue:

neurologic: Central Nervous System (TT035A)
Effect description:

gastrointestinal distress, diarrhea, dizziness, slurred speech, cranial nerve deficits, ataxia, (proximal) weakness, facial paralysis, early hypertension
Effect or parameter linked to the endpoint:

neurology (CHD027BE)
Internal remarks:

CNS neurotoxicity