EFSA Compendium of Botanicals

Draft - work in progress

Senna italica Mill. // Cassia italica (Mill.) F.W.Andrews

Family:: Fabaceae
Approval state:: Approved
Number of articles retrieved:: 92
Number of processed references:: 6

Compositions

#1: Sennoside B #2: Sennoside A #3: Rhein glycosides #4: Saponins #5: Alkaloids #6: Oxalates #7: Aloin #8: Emodin

Endpoint Studies

#1: Acute Myocardial Infarction With Patent Epicardial Coronary Vessels #2: Hepatotoxicity #3: catarrhal enteritis with minute erosions on the intestinal epithelium #4: Nephrotoxicity #5: congestion of the blood vessels of the heart #6: significant and reversible haematological changes

Genotoxicity

Composition #1: Nazirizadeh, M., Amin, G. H. Studies of drugs from Senna (Cassia italica) plants in Iran. iranian journal of chemistry chemical engineering, 1985, p. 68–72. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Unspecified (A07XD)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

unspecified
Substance:

sennoside B (RF-00004052-PAR)
Analytical method code:

Unspecified (F598A)
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

Sennoside B

Composition #2: Nazirizadeh, M., Amin, G. H. Studies of drugs from Senna (Cassia italica) plants in Iran. iranian journal of chemistry chemical engineering, 1985, p. 68–72. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Unspecified (A07XD)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

unspecified
Substance:

sennoside A (RF-00004051-PAR)
Analytical method code:

Unspecified (F598A)
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

Sennoside A

Composition #3: Jain, S. C., Sharma, R. A., Jain, R. Sennosides in Cassia italica in vivo and in vitro. fitoterapia, 1996 . .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Unspecified (A07XD)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

unspecified
Substance:

anthraquinones (RF-00004343-PAR)
Additional substance description:

rhein glycosides
Analytical method code:

Unspecified (F598A)
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

Rhein glycosides

Composition #4: Nadro, M. S., Onoagbe, I. O. Chemical constituents of ethanolic extract of Cassia italica leaf. asian journal of biochemical and pharmaceutical research, 2014, p. 328–334. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Leaves (as part-nature) (A0EKT)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

ETOH 70%
Substance:

Saponins (RF-00004333-PAR)
Analytical method code:

Phytochemical screening (F604A)
Result unit:

Milligram/gram (G060A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

6.33
Internal remarks:

Saponins

Composition #5: Nadro, M. S., Onoagbe, I. O. Chemical constituents of ethanolic extract of Cassia italica leaf. asian journal of biochemical and pharmaceutical research, 2014, p. 328–334. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Leaves (as part-nature) (A0EKT)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

ETOH 70%
Substance:

Alkaloids (RF-00004360-PAR)
Analytical method code:

Phytochemical screening (F604A)
Result unit:

Percent (G138A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

4.33
Internal remarks:

Alkaloids

Composition #6: Nadro, M. S., Onoagbe, I. O. Chemical constituents of ethanolic extract of Cassia italica leaf. asian journal of biochemical and pharmaceutical research, 2014, p. 328–334. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Leaves (as part-nature) (A0EKT)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

ETOH 70%
Substance:

Oxalates (RF-00004308-PAR)
Analytical method code:

Phytochemical screening (F604A)
Result unit:

Percent (G138A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

0.81
Internal remarks:

Oxalates

Composition #7: Mohamed, Gamal A. New cytotoxic cycloartane triterpene from Cassia italica aerial parts. natural product research, 2014, vol. 28, no. 13, p. 976–983. DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2014.902820. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Aerial part of plants (as part-nature) (A166F)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

MeOH 70%
Substance:

aloin A (RF-00003672-PAR)
Additional substance description:

Aloin
Analytical method code:

Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) (F061A)
Analytical method - additional description:

MS, UV, IR
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

Aloin

Composition #8: Mohamed, Gamal A. New cytotoxic cycloartane triterpene from Cassia italica aerial parts. natural product research, 2014, vol. 28, no. 13, p. 976–983. DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2014.902820. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Aerial part of plants (as part-nature) (A166F)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

MeOH 70%
Substance:

Emodin (RF-00003798-PAR)
Analytical method code:

Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) (F061A)
Analytical method - additional description:

MS, UV, IR
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

Emodin

Endpoint study #1: El-Menyar, Ayman A., Helmy, Ashraf H., Mubarak, Nagi M., Arafa, Salah E. O. Acute myocardial infarction with patent epicardial coronary vessels following Cassia italica ingestion . cardiovascular toxicology, 2006, vol. 6, no. 2, p. 81–84. DOI: 10.1385/CT:6:2:81. [DOI link]

Study relevance:

Human health
Plant part:

Leaves (as part-nature) (A0EKT)
Preparation/Extraction method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional plant/substance description:

water extract
Type of toxicological test:

case report (CHD060TT)
Tested organism:

Human (as organism) (A056J)
Sex:

Female
Route of exposure:

ORAL: DRINKING WATER (OECD2229PL)
Number of organisms dosed:

1
Control groups used:

no
Endpoint measured:

Dose not reported (CHD066EP)
Critical effect:

PULMONARY AND CARDIAC (TOX08A)
Target tissue:

cardiovascular / haematological: Heart (TT011A)
Effect description:

Acute Myocardial Infarction With Patent Epicardial Coronary Vessels
Effect or parameter linked to the endpoint:

haematology (CHD023BE)
Internal remarks:

Acute Myocardial Infarction With Patent Epicardial Coronary Vessels

Endpoint study #2: Bakhiet, AO., Adam, SEI. Toxicity to bovans chicks of Cassia italica seeds. phytotherapy research, 1996, vol. 10, no. 2, p. 156–160. DOI: 10.1002/(SICI)1099-1573(199603)10:2<156::AID-PTR795>3.0.CO;2-M. [DOI link]

Study relevance:

Animal (target species) health
Plant part:

Seed (as part-nature) (A066P)
Type of toxicological test:

case report (CHD060TT)
Tested organism:

Gallus gallus (chicken) (as animal) (A057Z)
Sex:

Male
Route of exposure:

ORAL: FEED (OECD2230PL)
Exposure duration:

6.0
Unit of exposure duration:

Week (G205A)
Number of organisms dosed:

36
Control groups used:

yes, plain diet
Endpoint measured:

Dose level (CHD014EP)
Concentration unit:

Percent (G138A)
Effect concentration:

10
Critical effect:

HEPATOTOXICITY (TOX02A)
Target tissue:

digestive: Liver (TT023A)
Effect description:

hepatocyte necrosis
Effect or parameter linked to the endpoint:

histopathology non neoplastic (CHD025BE)
Internal remarks:

Hepatotoxicity

Endpoint study #3: Bakhiet, AO., Adam, SEI. Toxicity to bovans chicks of Cassia italica seeds. phytotherapy research, 1996, vol. 10, no. 2, p. 156–160. DOI: 10.1002/(SICI)1099-1573(199603)10:2<156::AID-PTR795>3.0.CO;2-M. [DOI link]

Study relevance:

Animal (target species) health
Plant part:

Seed (as part-nature) (A066P)
Type of toxicological test:

case report (CHD060TT)
Tested organism:

Gallus gallus (chicken) (as animal) (A057Z)
Sex:

Male
Route of exposure:

ORAL: FEED (OECD2230PL)
Exposure duration:

6.0
Unit of exposure duration:

Week (G205A)
Number of organisms dosed:

36
Control groups used:

yes, plain diet
Endpoint measured:

Dose level (CHD014EP)
Concentration unit:

Percent (G138A)
Effect concentration:

10
Critical effect:

Digestive (TOX18A)
Target tissue:

Digestive (TT002A)
Effect description:

catarrhal enteritis with minute erosions on the intestinal epithelium
Effect or parameter linked to the endpoint:

histopathology non neoplastic (CHD025BE)
Internal remarks:

catarrhal enteritis with minute erosions on the intestinal epithelium

Endpoint study #4: Bakhiet, AO., Adam, SEI. Toxicity to bovans chicks of Cassia italica seeds. phytotherapy research, 1996, vol. 10, no. 2, p. 156–160. DOI: 10.1002/(SICI)1099-1573(199603)10:2<156::AID-PTR795>3.0.CO;2-M. [DOI link]

Study relevance:

Animal (target species) health
Plant part:

Seed (as part-nature) (A066P)
Type of toxicological test:

case report (CHD060TT)
Tested organism:

Gallus gallus (chicken) (as animal) (A057Z)
Sex:

Male
Route of exposure:

ORAL: FEED (OECD2230PL)
Exposure duration:

6.0
Unit of exposure duration:

Week (G205A)
Number of organisms dosed:

36
Control groups used:

yes, plain diet
Endpoint measured:

Dose level (CHD014EP)
Concentration unit:

Percent (G138A)
Effect concentration:

10
Critical effect:

NEPHROTOXICITY (TOX03A)
Target tissue:

urogenital: Kidneys (TT046A)
Effect description:

degeneration of the renal tubular cells + congestion of the blood vessels of the renal cortex
Effect or parameter linked to the endpoint:

histopathology non neoplastic (CHD025BE)
Internal remarks:

Nephrotoxicity

Endpoint study #5: Bakhiet, AO., Adam, SEI. Toxicity to bovans chicks of Cassia italica seeds. phytotherapy research, 1996, vol. 10, no. 2, p. 156–160. DOI: 10.1002/(SICI)1099-1573(199603)10:2<156::AID-PTR795>3.0.CO;2-M. [DOI link]

Study relevance:

Animal (target species) health
Plant part:

Seed (as part-nature) (A066P)
Type of toxicological test:

case report (CHD060TT)
Tested organism:

Gallus gallus (chicken) (as animal) (A057Z)
Sex:

Male
Route of exposure:

ORAL: FEED (OECD2230PL)
Exposure duration:

6.0
Unit of exposure duration:

Week (G205A)
Number of organisms dosed:

36
Control groups used:

yes, plain diet
Endpoint measured:

Dose level (CHD014EP)
Concentration unit:

Percent (G138A)
Effect concentration:

10
Critical effect:

HEMOPOIETIC (TOX10A)
Target tissue:

cardiovascular / haematological: Heart (TT011A)
Effect description:

congestion of the blood vessels of the heart
Effect or parameter linked to the endpoint:

haematology (CHD023BE)
Internal remarks:

congestion of the blood vessels of the heart

Endpoint study #6: Bakhiet, AO., Adam, SEI. Toxicity to bovans chicks of Cassia italica seeds. phytotherapy research, 1996, vol. 10, no. 2, p. 156–160. DOI: 10.1002/(SICI)1099-1573(199603)10:2<156::AID-PTR795>3.0.CO;2-M. [DOI link]

Study relevance:

Animal (target species) health
Plant part:

Seed (as part-nature) (A066P)
Type of toxicological test:

case report (CHD060TT)
Tested organism:

Gallus gallus (chicken) (as animal) (A057Z)
Sex:

Male
Route of exposure:

ORAL: FEED (OECD2230PL)
Exposure duration:

6.0
Unit of exposure duration:

Week (G205A)
Number of organisms dosed:

36
Control groups used:

yes, plain diet
Endpoint measured:

Dose level (CHD014EP)
Concentration unit:

Percent (G138A)
Effect concentration:

2
Critical effect:

HEMOPOIETIC (TOX10A)
Target tissue:

Cardiovascular / Haematological (TT001A)
Effect description:

significant and reversible haematological changes
Effect or parameter linked to the endpoint:

haematology (CHD023BE)
Internal remarks:

significant and reversible haematological changes