EFSA Compendium of Botanicals

Draft - work in progress

Senna alexandrina Mill. // Cassia acutifolia Delile // Cassia angustifolia Vahl // Cassia senna L.

Family:: Fabaceae
Approval state:: Approved
Number of articles retrieved:: 774
Number of processed references:: 5

Compositions

#1: Sennoside B #2: Sennoside A #3: Aloe-emodin #4: 1,8-cineole

Endpoint Studies

#1: 2 and 5% of C. senna fruits in the basic diet are toxic to Lohmann broiler chicks and damage to the vital organs can persist for 2 weeks after C. senna containing food is withdrawn #2: hepatotoxicity in humans

Genotoxicity

Composition #1: Kapadia, Govind J., Khorana, M. L. Paper chromatographic separation of sennoside A and sennoside B. Journal of Chromatography, 1961, p. 537–538. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Seed (as part-nature) (A066P)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

70% alcohol extract.
Substance:

sennoside B (RF-00004052-PAR)
Additional substance description:

in pods
Analytical method code:

Standard Chromatographic tests (paper- thin layer- and column chromatography) (F016A)
Analytical method - additional description:

Paper chromatography
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

Sennoside B

Composition #2: Kapadia, Govind J., Khorana, M. L. Paper chromatographic separation of sennoside A and sennoside B. Journal of Chromatography, 1961, p. 537–538. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Seed (as part-nature) (A066P)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

70% alcohol extract.
Substance:

sennoside A (RF-00004051-PAR)
Additional substance description:

in pods
Analytical method code:

Standard Chromatographic tests (paper- thin layer- and column chromatography) (F016A)
Analytical method - additional description:

Paper chromatography
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

Sennoside A

Composition #3: Zhou, J., Ouedraogo, M., Qu, F., Duez, P. Potential genotoxicity of traditional Chinese medicinal plants and phytochemicals: An overview. Phytotherapy Research, 2013, vol. 27, no. 12, p. 1745–1755. DOI: 10.1002/ptr.4942. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Unspecified (A07XD)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

unspecified
Substance:

Aloe-emodin (RF-00003670-PAR)
Analytical method code:

Unspecified (F598A)
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

Aloe-emodin

Composition #4: Derbalah, Aly S. Efficacy of some botanical extracts against Trogoderma granarium in wheat grains with toxicity evaluation. . thescientificworldjournal, 2012, vol. 2012, p. 639854–639854. DOI: 10.1100/2012/639854. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Leaves (as part-nature) (A0EKT)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

Methanol
Substance:

1,8-cineole (RF-00003470-PAR)
Analytical method code:

GC-MS (F046A)
Result unit:

Percent Area (G139A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

26.55
Internal remarks:

1,8-cineole

Endpoint study #1: Omer, Sawsan A., Al-Olayan, Ebtesam M., El-Amin, Maha H., Hassan, Zeinab K., Daghestani, Maha H., Mohammed, Osama B. Experimental Cassia senna intoxication in Lohmann broiler chicks. Journal of Medicinal Plants Research, 2012, p. 3306–3310. .

Study relevance:

Animal (target species) health
Plant part:

Fruit unspecified (as part-nature) (A067D)
Preparation/Extraction method:

Fresh (A166Y)
Type of toxicological test:

subchronic (CHD013TT)
Tested organism:

Gallus gallus (chicken) (as animal) (A057Z)
Sex:

No data
Route of exposure:

ORAL: FEED (OECD2230PL)
Number of organisms dosed:

15
Control groups used:

yes
Endpoint measured:

Concentration level (CHD013EP)
Concentration unit:

Percent (G138A)
Effect concentration:

2-5
Critical effect:

SYSTEMIC (TOX01A)
Effect description:

2 and 5% of C. senna fruits in the basic diet damage the vital organs and persist for 2 weeks after C. senna containing food is withdrawn
Effect or parameter linked to the endpoint:

histopathology non neoplastic (CHD025BE)
Internal remarks:

2 and 5% of C. senna fruits in the basic diet are toxic to Lohmann broiler chicks and damage to the vital organs can persist for 2 weeks after C. senna containing food is withdrawn

Endpoint study #2: Vanderperren, B., Rizzo, M., Angenot, L., Haufroid, V., Jadoul, M., Hantson, P. Acute liver failure with renal impairment related to the abuse of senna anthraquinone glycosides. ANNALS OF PHARMACOTHERAPY, 2005, vol. 39, no. 7-8, p. 1353–1357. DOI: 10.1345/aph.1E670. [DOI link]

Study relevance:

Human health
Plant part:

Fruit unspecified (as part-nature) (A067D)
Preparation/Extraction method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional plant/substance description:

water
Type of toxicological test:

case report (CHD060TT)
Tested organism:

Human (as organism) (A056J)
Sex:

Female
Exposure duration:

3.0
Unit of exposure duration:

Year (G207A)
Number of organisms dosed:

1
Endpoint measured:

Dose level (CHD014EP)
Concentration unit:

Gram/litre (G016A)
Effect concentration:

70
Critical effect:

HEPATOTOXICITY (TOX02A)
Target tissue:

digestive: Liver (TT023A)
Effect description:

consumption of 70g/litre per day for more than 3 years led to acute hepatic failure reflected by the increase in prothrombin time and the development of encephalopathy.
Effect or parameter linked to the endpoint:

histopathology non neoplastic (CHD025BE)
Internal remarks:

hepatotoxicity in humans