EFSA Compendium of Botanicals

Draft - work in progress

Rheum rhaponticum L.

Family:: Polygonaceae
Approval state:: Approved
Number of articles retrieved:: 177
Number of processed references:: 5

Compositions

#1: oxalic acid in stalk #2: anthraquinones in roots #3: Rhaponticin in roots #4: Deoxyrhaponticin in petioles #5: Rhaponticin in petioles #6: Rhaponticin in roots #7: Deoxyrhaponticin in roots #8: Aloe-emodin (1,8-dihydroanthraquinone derivative) in root #9: Chrysophanol (1,8-dihydroanthraquinone derivative) in root #10: Aloin B(1,8-dihydroanthraquinone derivative) in root #11: Aloin A (1,8-dihydroanthraquinone derivative) in root

Endpoint Studies

#1: Massive metabolic acidosis, albuminuria and haematuria, considerable excretion of amino acids in the urine

Genotoxicity

#1: mutagenicity

Composition #1: Han, Yashan., Cai, Tongyi., Zhou, Santao. Studies on the biochemical composition and use of edible rhubarb. zhongguo nongye kexue (beijing, china), 1985, p. 92–96. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Stem / stalk (as part-nature) (A067S)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

unspecified
Substance:

oxalic acid (RF-00000356-NTR)
Analytical method code:

Unspecified (F598A)
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

oxalic acid in stalk

Composition #2: Paneitz, Andrea., Westendorf, Johannes. Anthranoid contents of rhubarb (Rheum undulatum L.) and other Rheum species and their toxicological relevance. european food research and technology, 1999, p. 97–101. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Roots and other underground parts (as part-nature) (A067M)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

ethanol
Substance:

anthraquinones (RF-00004343-PAR)
Additional substance description:

emodin, physcio and chrysophanol
Analytical method code:

High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC)/Liquid Chromatography (LC) (F018A)
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

anthraquinones in roots

Composition #3: Paneitz, Andrea., Westendorf, Johannes. Anthranoid contents of rhubarb (Rheum undulatum L.) and other Rheum species and their toxicological relevance. european food research and technology, 1999, p. 97–101. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Roots and other underground parts (as part-nature) (A067M)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

ethanol
Substance:

Stilbenes, stilbene derivatives (RF-00000284-VET)
Additional substance description:

Rhaponticin
Analytical method code:

High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC)/Liquid Chromatography (LC) (F018A)
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

Rhaponticin in roots

Composition #4: Smolarz, H. D., Halka, A., Chabros, O., Dzido, T. H. Rapid Method for Rhaponticin and Deoxyrhaponticin Separation and Determination by TLC in Rheum rhaponticum L. and Rheum undulatum L.. ACTA CHROMATOGRAPHICA, 2013, vol. 25, no. 1, p. 127–134. DOI: 10.1556/AChrom.25.2013.1.7. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Stem / stalk (as part-nature) (A067S)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

aq. MeOH
Substance:

Deoxyrhaponticin (RF-00010863-PAR)
Additional substance description:

in petioles
Analytical method code:

UV/VIS spectroscopy (photometry) (F009A)
Value (concentration, content):

traces
Internal remarks:

Deoxyrhaponticin in petioles

Composition #5: Smolarz, H. D., Halka, A., Chabros, O., Dzido, T. H. Rapid Method for Rhaponticin and Deoxyrhaponticin Separation and Determination by TLC in Rheum rhaponticum L. and Rheum undulatum L.. ACTA CHROMATOGRAPHICA, 2013, vol. 25, no. 1, p. 127–134. DOI: 10.1556/AChrom.25.2013.1.7. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Stem / stalk (as part-nature) (A067S)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

aq. MeOH
Substance:

rhaponticin (RF-00010834-PAR)
Additional substance description:

in petioles
Analytical method code:

UV/VIS spectroscopy (photometry) (F009A)
Result unit:

Milligram/gram (G060A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

0.3
Internal remarks:

Rhaponticin in petioles

Composition #6: Smolarz, H. D., Halka, A., Chabros, O., Dzido, T. H. Rapid Method for Rhaponticin and Deoxyrhaponticin Separation and Determination by TLC in Rheum rhaponticum L. and Rheum undulatum L.. ACTA CHROMATOGRAPHICA, 2013, vol. 25, no. 1, p. 127–134. DOI: 10.1556/AChrom.25.2013.1.7. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Roots and other underground parts (as part-nature) (A067M)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

aq. MeOH
Substance:

rhaponticin (RF-00010834-PAR)
Analytical method code:

UV/VIS spectroscopy (photometry) (F009A)
Result unit:

Milligram/gram (G060A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

25.5
Internal remarks:

Rhaponticin in roots

Composition #7: Smolarz, H. D., Halka, A., Chabros, O., Dzido, T. H. Rapid Method for Rhaponticin and Deoxyrhaponticin Separation and Determination by TLC in Rheum rhaponticum L. and Rheum undulatum L.. ACTA CHROMATOGRAPHICA, 2013, vol. 25, no. 1, p. 127–134. DOI: 10.1556/AChrom.25.2013.1.7. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Roots and other underground parts (as part-nature) (A067M)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

aq. MeOH
Substance:

Deoxyrhaponticin (RF-00010863-PAR)
Analytical method code:

UV/VIS spectroscopy (photometry) (F009A)
Result unit:

Milligram/gram (G060A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

11.5
Internal remarks:

Deoxyrhaponticin in roots

Composition #8: Smolarz, Helena Danuta., Swatko-Ossor, Marta., Ginalska, Grazyna., Medynska, Ewa. Antimycobacterial Effect of Extract and Its Components from Rheum rhaponticum. JOURNAL OF AOAC INTERNATIONAL, 2013, vol. 96, no. 1, p. 155–160. DOI: 10.5740/jaoacint.12-010. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Roots and other underground parts (as part-nature) (A067M)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

MeOH (80%)
Substance:

Aloe-emodin (RF-00003670-PAR)
Analytical method code:

Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) (F061A)
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

Aloe-emodin (1,8-dihydroanthraquinone derivative) in root

Composition #9: Smolarz, Helena Danuta., Swatko-Ossor, Marta., Ginalska, Grazyna., Medynska, Ewa. Antimycobacterial Effect of Extract and Its Components from Rheum rhaponticum. JOURNAL OF AOAC INTERNATIONAL, 2013, vol. 96, no. 1, p. 155–160. DOI: 10.5740/jaoacint.12-010. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Roots and other underground parts (as part-nature) (A067M)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

MeOH (80%)
Substance:

chrysophanol (RF-00003737-PAR)
Analytical method code:

Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) (F061A)
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

Chrysophanol (1,8-dihydroanthraquinone derivative) in root

Composition #10: Smolarz, Helena Danuta., Swatko-Ossor, Marta., Ginalska, Grazyna., Medynska, Ewa. Antimycobacterial Effect of Extract and Its Components from Rheum rhaponticum. JOURNAL OF AOAC INTERNATIONAL, 2013, vol. 96, no. 1, p. 155–160. DOI: 10.5740/jaoacint.12-010. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Roots and other underground parts (as part-nature) (A067M)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

MeOH (80%)
Substance:

aloin B (RF-00003673-PAR)
Analytical method code:

Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) (F061A)
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

Aloin B(1,8-dihydroanthraquinone derivative) in root

Composition #11: Smolarz, Helena Danuta., Swatko-Ossor, Marta., Ginalska, Grazyna., Medynska, Ewa. Antimycobacterial Effect of Extract and Its Components from Rheum rhaponticum. JOURNAL OF AOAC INTERNATIONAL, 2013, vol. 96, no. 1, p. 155–160. DOI: 10.5740/jaoacint.12-010. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Roots and other underground parts (as part-nature) (A067M)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

MeOH (80%)
Substance:

aloin A (RF-00003672-PAR)
Analytical method code:

Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) (F061A)
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

Aloin A (1,8-dihydroanthraquinone derivative) in root

Endpoint study #1: Varslot, O. Rhubarb poisoning. Causal connection: Oxalic acid or anthraquinone derivatives?. tidsskrift for den norske laegeforening, 1980, vol. 100, no. 14, p. 959–961+977. .

Study relevance:

Human health
Plant part:

Stem / stalk (as part-nature) (A067S)
Additional plant/substance description:

raw
Type of toxicological test:

case report (CHD060TT)
Tested organism:

Human (as organism) (A056J)
Sex:

No data
Number of organisms dosed:

1
Control groups used:

no
Endpoint measured:

Dose not reported (CHD066EP)
Critical effect:

SYSTEMIC (TOX01A)
Target tissue:

Digestive (TT002A)
Effect description:

Massive metabolic acidosis, albuminuria and haematuria, considerable excretion of amino acids in the urine. Reference to additional similar cases
Effect or parameter linked to the endpoint:

urinalysis (CHD029BE)
Internal remarks:

Massive metabolic acidosis, albuminuria and haematuria, considerable excretion of amino acids in the urine

Genotox #1: Paneitz, Andrea., Westendorf, Johannes. Anthranoid contents of rhubarb (Rheum undulatum L.) and other Rheum species and their toxicological relevance. european food research and technology, 1999, p. 97–101. .

Study category:

Mutagenicity
Type of toxicological test:

bacterial reverse mutation assay (CHD028TT)
Method type:

in vitro
Tested organism:

Salmonella typhimurium (as organism) (A0CPZ)
Strain of test organism:

TA 1537 (CHD026ST)
Exogenous metabolic activation applied:

with
Control groups used:

yes
Endpoint measured:

gene mutation
Is genotoxic:

Positive
Remarks on genotox study:

genotoxic action could only be demonstrated after addition of S9-mix
Internal remarks:

mutagenicity
Internal ID:

CAPLUS_2000:346665