EFSA Compendium of Botanicals

Draft - work in progress

Picrorhiza lindleyana (Wall.) Steud. // Picrorhiza kurrooa Benth.

Family:: Scrophulariaceae
Approval state:: Approved
Number of articles retrieved:: 404
Number of processed references:: 7

Compositions

#1: picrotoxin (root, quantitative) #2: Cucurbitacins #3: picrotoxin #4: picrotoxinin (hairy roots) #5: Saponins #6: picrotoxinin (roots, quantitative, transformed plants) #7: picrotoxinin (roots, quantitative, normal plants)

Endpoint Studies

#1: Histomorphometrically, both anterior skin and full ear thicknesses were significantly (P<0.01) increased in xylene-treated control as compared with intact control, but these increases in ear thickness induced by xylene applications were also significantly (P<0.01) and dose-dependently inhibited by treatment of all three different dosages of PR extracts like two references.

Genotoxicity

Composition #1: Bohra, Neetu., Prasad, P., Tewari, Geeta., Tewari, Lalit M. Variation in picrotin and picrotoxin content of Picrorhiza kurroa royle ex benth rhizomes from garhwal himalaya. journal of the indian chemical society, 2015, p. 375–378. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Roots and other underground parts (as part-nature) (A067M)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

EtOH
Substance:

picrotoxin (RF-00003542-PAR)
Analytical method code:

Gelpermeation, High Performance Thin Layer Chromatography (HPTLC) (F017A)
Result unit:

Percent (G138A)
Result expression:

Whole weight (B001A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

1.1-2.2
Internal remarks:

picrotoxin (root, quantitative)

Composition #2: Sturm, S., Stuppner, H. Analysis of cucurbitacins in medicinal plants by high-pressure liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. phytochemical analysis, 2000, vol. 11, no. 2, p. 121–127. DOI: 10.1002/(SICI)1099-1565(200003/04)11:2<121::AID-PCA493>3.0.CO;2-9. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Aerial part of plants (as part-nature) (A166F)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

MeOH
Substance:

cucurbitacins (RF-00004352-PAR)
Analytical method code:

High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC)/Liquid Chromatography (LC) (F018A)
Analytical method - additional description:

HPLC-MS
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

Cucurbitacins

Composition #3: Purohit, H., Nautiyal, B.P., Nautiyal, M.C. Interpopulation variation in Picrorhiza kurrooa Royle ex Benth-step towards identifying genetic variability and elite strains for crop improvement study. american journal of plant physiology, 2008, vol. 3, no. 4, p. 154–164. DOI: 10.3923/ajpp.2008.154.164. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Live plants (as part-nature) (A0BA0)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

Ethanol
Substance:

picrotoxin (RF-00003542-PAR)
Analytical method code:

High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC)/Liquid Chromatography (LC) (F018A)
Analytical method - additional description:

HPLC
Result unit:

Milligram/gram (G060A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

0.15-2.20
Internal remarks:

picrotoxin

Composition #4: Mishra, J., Bhandari, H., Singh, M., Rawat, S., Agnihotri, R.K., Mishra, S., Purohit, S. Hairy root culture of Picrorhiza kurroa Royle ex Benth.: A promising approach for the production of picrotin and picrotoxinin. acta physiologiae plantarum, 2011, vol. 33, no. 5, p. 1841–1846. DOI: 10.1007/s11738-011-0724-x. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Roots and other underground parts (as part-nature) (A067M)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

Ethanol
Substance:

picrotoxinin (RF-00003543-PAR)
Additional substance description:

roots inocculated with Agrobacterium rhizogenes
Analytical method code:

High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC)/Liquid Chromatography (LC) (F018A)
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

picrotoxinin (hairy roots)

Composition #5: Talmale, V.R., More, P.R., Ghumare, B.C., Shendre, S.B., Nirgulkar, S.N. Efficacy of Pcroriza kurrooa benth in experimentally induced hepato-toxicity in cross-bred calves. veterinary world, 2010, vol. 3, no. 1, p. 29–31. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Roots and other underground parts (as part-nature) (A067M)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

Ethanol
Substance:

Saponins (RF-00004333-PAR)
Analytical method code:

Phytochemical screening (F604A)
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

Saponins

Composition #6: Rawat, Janhvi Mishra., Rawat, Balwant., Mehrotra, Shakti. Plant regeneration, genetic fidelity, and active ingredient content of encapsulated hairy roots of Picrorhiza kurrooa Royle ex Benth. . biotechnology letters, 2013, vol. 35, no. 6, p. 961–968. DOI: 10.1007/s10529-013-1152-3. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Roots and other underground parts (as part-nature) (A067M)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

Ethanol
Substance:

picrotoxinin (RF-00003543-PAR)
Additional substance description:

from transformed plants
Analytical method code:

High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC)/Liquid Chromatography (LC) (F018A)
Result unit:

Microgram/gram (G049A)
Result expression:

Dry matter (B002A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

43.5-51.9
Internal remarks:

picrotoxinin (roots, quantitative, transformed plants)

Composition #7: Rawat, Janhvi Mishra., Rawat, Balwant., Mehrotra, Shakti. Plant regeneration, genetic fidelity, and active ingredient content of encapsulated hairy roots of Picrorhiza kurrooa Royle ex Benth. . biotechnology letters, 2013, vol. 35, no. 6, p. 961–968. DOI: 10.1007/s10529-013-1152-3. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Roots and other underground parts (as part-nature) (A067M)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

Ethanol
Substance:

picrotoxinin (RF-00003543-PAR)
Additional substance description:

from normal plants
Analytical method code:

High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC)/Liquid Chromatography (LC) (F018A)
Result unit:

Microgram/gram (G049A)
Result expression:

Dry matter (B002A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

24-29.2
Internal remarks:

picrotoxinin (roots, quantitative, normal plants)

Endpoint study #1: Lee, Hyeung Sik., Ku, Sae Kwang. Effects of Picrorrhiza Rhizoma on acute inflammation in mice. biomolecules therapeutics, 2008, p. 137–140. .

Study relevance:

Human health
Plant part:

Unspecified (A07XD)
Preparation/Extraction method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional plant/substance description:

Aqueous
Type of toxicological test:

other (CHD008TT)
Tested organism:

House mouse (as animal) (A0CNT)
Strain of test organism:

ICR (CHD044ST)
Sex:

Male
Route of exposure:

ORAL: FEED (OECD2230PL)
Number of organisms dosed:

63
Control groups used:

yes
Endpoint measured:

Dose level (CHD014EP)
Concentration unit:

Milligram/kilogram (G061A)
Effect concentration:

500
Critical effect:

NONE (TOX14A)
Target tissue:

Skin/subcutis (TT056A)
Effect description:

Histomorphometrically, both anterior skin and full ear thicknesses were significantly (P<0.01) increased in xylene-treated control.
Effect or parameter linked to the endpoint:

organ weights (CHD012BE)
Internal remarks:

Histomorphometrically, both anterior skin and full ear thicknesses were significantly (P<0.01) increased in xylene-treated control as compared with intact control, but these increases in ear thickness induced by xylene applications were also significantly (P<0.01) and dose-dependently inhibited by treatment of all three different dosages of PR extracts like two references.