EFSA Compendium of Botanicals

Draft - work in progress

Paris polyphylla Sm.

Family:: Melanthiaceae
Approval state:: Approved
Number of articles retrieved:: 1415
Number of processed references:: 4

Compositions

Endpoint Studies

#1: Hepatotoxicity #2: Lung toxicity #3: LD50

Genotoxicity

Composition #1: Man, Shuli., Gao, Wenyuan., Zhang, Yanjun., Wang, Jieyin., Zhao, Wanshun., Huang, Luqi., Liu, Changxiao. Qualitative and quantitative determination of major saponins in Paris and Trillium by HPLC-ELSD and HPLC-MS/MS. Journal of Chromatography B: Analytical Technologies in the Biomedical and Life Sciences, 2010, p. 2943–2948. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Roots and other underground parts (as part-nature) (A067M)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

ethanol 80%
Substance:

Gracillin (RF-00011258-PAR)
Analytical method code:

HPLC with standard detection methods (F019A)
Result unit:

Milligram/gram (G060A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

0.16-3.26
Internal remarks:

Gracillin

Composition #2: Li, Yu., Gu, Jun-Fei., Zou, Xi., Wu, Jian., Zhang, Ming-Hua., Jiang, Jun., Qin, Dong., Zhou, Jin-Yong., Liu, Bao-Xin-Zi., Zhu, Yun-Tao., Jia, Xiao-Bin., Feng, Liang., Wang, Rui-Ping. The Anti-Lung Cancer Activities of Steroidal Saponins of P. polyphylla Smith var. chinensis (Franch.) Hara through Enhanced Immunostimulation in Experimental Lewis Tumor-Bearing C57BL/6 Mice and Induction of Apoptosis in the A549 Cell Line. MOLECULES, 2013, vol. 18, no. 10, p. 12916–12936. DOI: 10.3390/molecules181012916. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Roots and other underground parts (as part-nature) (A067M)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

Methanol, n-butanol
Substance:

Gracillin (RF-00011258-PAR)
Analytical method code:

High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC)/Liquid Chromatography (LC) (F018A)
Analytical method - additional description:

HPLC-DAD, LC-ESI-MS/MS
Result unit:

Percent (G138A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

2.99
Internal remarks:

Gracillin

Composition #3: Li, Yu., Gu, Jun-Fei., Zou, Xi., Wu, Jian., Zhang, Ming-Hua., Jiang, Jun., Qin, Dong., Zhou, Jin-Yong., Liu, Bao-Xin-Zi., Zhu, Yun-Tao., Jia, Xiao-Bin., Feng, Liang., Wang, Rui-Ping. The Anti-Lung Cancer Activities of Steroidal Saponins of P. polyphylla Smith var. chinensis (Franch.) Hara through Enhanced Immunostimulation in Experimental Lewis Tumor-Bearing C57BL/6 Mice and Induction of Apoptosis in the A549 Cell Line. MOLECULES, 2013, vol. 18, no. 10, p. 12916–12936. DOI: 10.3390/molecules181012916. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Roots and other underground parts (as part-nature) (A067M)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

Methanol, n-butanol
Substance:

dioscin (RF-00003782-PAR)
Analytical method code:

High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC)/Liquid Chromatography (LC) (F018A)
Analytical method - additional description:

HPLC-DAD, LC-ESI-MS/MS
Result unit:

Percent (G138A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

5.16
Internal remarks:

Dioscin

Endpoint study #1: Man, Shuli., Li, Jing., Liu, Jing., Chai, Hongyan., Liu, Zhen., Wang, Jiaming., Gao, Wenyuan. Curcumin alleviated the toxic reaction of Rhizoma Paridis saponins in a 45-day subchronic toxicological assessment of rats. . environmental toxicology, 2015 . DOI: 10.1002/tox.22194. [DOI link]

Study relevance:

Human health
Substance:

Saponins (RF-00004333-PAR)
Plant part:

Roots and other underground parts (as part-nature) (A067M)
Type of toxicological test:

subchronic (CHD013TT)
Tested organism:

Rat (as animal) (A0CNV)
Strain of test organism:

Sprague-Dawley (CHD012ST)
Sex:

No data
Exposure duration:

45.0
Unit of exposure duration:

Day (G134A)
Number of organisms dosed:

6
Control groups used:

yes
Endpoint measured:

Dose level (CHD014EP)
Concentration unit:

Milligrams per kilogram body weight (G225A)
Effect concentration:

200
Critical effect:

HEPATOTOXICITY (TOX02A)
Target tissue:

digestive: Liver (TT023A)
Effect description:

Statistical significant increases in liver enzymes and histopathological changes ( hydropic degeneration of hepatocyte)
Effect or parameter linked to the endpoint:

histopathology non neoplastic (CHD025BE)
Internal remarks:

Hepatotoxicity

Endpoint study #2: Man, Shuli., Li, Jing., Liu, Jing., Chai, Hongyan., Liu, Zhen., Wang, Jiaming., Gao, Wenyuan. Curcumin alleviated the toxic reaction of Rhizoma Paridis saponins in a 45-day subchronic toxicological assessment of rats. . environmental toxicology, 2015 . DOI: 10.1002/tox.22194. [DOI link]

Study relevance:

Human health
Substance:

Saponins (RF-00004333-PAR)
Plant part:

Roots and other underground parts (as part-nature) (A067M)
Type of toxicological test:

subchronic (CHD013TT)
Tested organism:

Rat (as animal) (A0CNV)
Strain of test organism:

Sprague-Dawley (CHD012ST)
Sex:

No data
Exposure duration:

45.0
Unit of exposure duration:

Day (G134A)
Number of organisms dosed:

6
Control groups used:

yes
Endpoint measured:

Dose level (CHD014EP)
Concentration unit:

Milligrams per kilogram body weight (G225A)
Effect concentration:

200
Critical effect:

PULMONARY AND CARDIAC (TOX08A)
Target tissue:

respiratory: Lung (TT041A)
Effect description:

histopathology revealed mild chronic lymphocytic interstitial infiltrates and fibrinous exudates occupying the RPS-treated alveolar spaces. The alveoli were lined by plump vacuolated pneumocytes
Effect or parameter linked to the endpoint:

histopathology non neoplastic (CHD025BE)
Internal remarks:

Lung toxicity

Endpoint study #3: Liu, Zhen., Gao, Wenyuan., Man, Shuli., Wang, Jieyin., Li, Nan., Yin, Shuangshuang., Wu, Shanshan., Liu, Changxiao. Pharmacological evaluation of sedative-hypnotic activity and gastro-intestinal toxicity of Rhizoma Paridis saponins. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY, 2012, vol. 144, no. 1, p. 67–72. DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2012.08.027. [DOI link]

Study relevance:

Human health
Substance:

Saponins (RF-00004333-PAR)
Plant part:

Roots and other underground parts (as part-nature) (A067M)
Preparation/Extraction method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional plant/substance description:

ethanol
Type of toxicological test:

acute toxicity (CHD016TT)
Tested organism:

House mouse (as animal) (A0CNT)
Sex:

No data
Route of exposure:

ORAL: GAVAGE (OECD2231PL)
Exposure duration:

1.0
Unit of exposure duration:

Meal (G109A)
Number of organisms dosed:

10
Control groups used:

yes
Endpoint measured:

Lethal dose rate in 50% of experimental organisms (CHD029EP)
Concentration unit:

Milligrams per kilogram body weight (G225A)
Effect concentration:

2182.4
Critical effect:

SYSTEMIC (TOX01A)
Effect description:

Diarrhea, hypoactivity, insensitivity, slight sleep, low temperature and cyanosis around the lips and mouths.
Effect or parameter linked to the endpoint:

mortality (CHD010BE)
Internal remarks:

LD50