EFSA Compendium of Botanicals

Draft - work in progress

Lotus (as plant) // Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn.

Family:: Nelumbonaceae
Approval state:: Approved
Number of articles retrieved:: 2496
Number of processed references:: 8

Compositions

#1: Nuciferine (alkaloid) in pods #2: Nornuciferine (alkaloid) in leaf #3: Oxoushinsunine (alkaloid) in seed pod #4: Roemerine (alkaloid) in leaf #5: Isoquinoline alkaloids (isoliensinine, neferine, lotusine, methylcorypalline ) in embryo seed #6: Nuciferine (alkaloid) in leaves and petioles #7: N-norarmepavine (isoquinoline alkaloid) in pods #8: Nornuciferine (alkaloid) in pods #9: (±)-N-methylcoclaurine , (±)-orientaline , (±)-armepavine ), and (±)-reticuline (benzylisoquinoline alkaloids) #10: Total alkaloids #11: Alkaloids in stem #12: Neferine (isobenzylisoquinoline alkaloid) in seed #13: Anonaine (benzyilisoquinolie alkaloid) in leaves

Endpoint Studies

#1: Reproduction toxicity #2: porcine pancreatic lipase inhibition #3: alpha-amylase inhibition #4: alpha-glucosidase inhibition

Genotoxicity

Composition #1: Yang, Tsang-Hsiung., Chen, Chi-Ming., Lu, Chang-Sha., Liao, Chen-Long. Alkaloids of lotus receptacle. Journal of the Chinese Chemical Society (Taipei, Taiwan), 1972, p. 143–147. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Fruit unspecified (as part-nature) (A067D)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

ethanol
Substance:

Alkaloids (RF-00004360-PAR)
Additional substance description:

Nuciferine in pods
Analytical method code:

IR and Raman Spectroscopy (F010A)
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

Nuciferine (alkaloid) in pods

Composition #2: Yang, Tsang-Hsiung., Chen, Chi-Ming., Lu, Chang-Sha., Liao, Chen-Long. Alkaloids of lotus receptacle. Journal of the Chinese Chemical Society (Taipei, Taiwan), 1972, p. 143–147. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Leaves (as part-nature) (A0EKT)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

EtOH from leaves
Substance:

nornuciferine (RF-00003519-PAR)
Analytical method code:

IR and Raman Spectroscopy (F010A)
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

Nornuciferine (alkaloid) in leaf

Composition #3: Yang, Tsang-Hsiung., Chen, Chi-Ming., Lu, Chang-Sha., Liao, Chen-Long. Alkaloids of lotus receptacle. Journal of the Chinese Chemical Society (Taipei, Taiwan), 1972, p. 143–147. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Seed (as part-nature) (A066P)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

EtOH
Substance:

liriodenine (RF-00003473-PAR)
Additional substance description:

oxoushinsunine in pods
Analytical method code:

IR and Raman Spectroscopy (F010A)
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

Oxoushinsunine (alkaloid) in seed pod

Composition #4: Yang, Tsang-Hsiung., Chen, Chi-Ming., Lu, Chang-Sha., Liao, Chen-Long. Alkaloids of lotus receptacle. Journal of the Chinese Chemical Society (Taipei, Taiwan), 1972, p. 143–147. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Leaves (as part-nature) (A0EKT)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

EtOH
Substance:

Roemerine (RF-00011241-PAR)
Analytical method code:

IR and Raman Spectroscopy (F010A)
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

Roemerine (alkaloid) in leaf

Composition #5: Yang, Tsang-Hsiung., Chen, Chi-Ming., Lu, Chang-Sha., Liao, Chen-Long. Alkaloids of lotus receptacle. Journal of the Chinese Chemical Society (Taipei, Taiwan), 1972, p. 143–147. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Seed (as part-nature) (A066P)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

EtOH from embryo seed
Substance:

Isoquinoline alkaloids (RF-00004391-PAR)
Additional substance description:

Isoliensinine, neferine, lotusine, methylcorypalline
Analytical method code:

IR and Raman Spectroscopy (F010A)
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

Isoquinoline alkaloids (isoliensinine, neferine, lotusine, methylcorypalline ) in embryo seed

Composition #6: Yang, Tsang-Hsiung., Chen, Chi-Ming., Lu, Chang-Sha., Liao, Chen-Long. Alkaloids of lotus receptacle. Journal of the Chinese Chemical Society (Taipei, Taiwan), 1972, p. 143–147. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Aerial part of plants (as part-nature) (A166F)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

ethanol
Substance:

Alkaloids (RF-00004360-PAR)
Additional substance description:

Nuciferine
Analytical method code:

IR and Raman Spectroscopy (F010A)
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

Nuciferine (alkaloid) in leaves and petioles

Composition #7: Yang, Tsang-Hsiung., Chen, Chi-Ming., Lu, Chang-Sha., Liao, Chen-Long. Alkaloids of lotus receptacle. Journal of the Chinese Chemical Society (Taipei, Taiwan), 1972, p. 143–147. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Fruit unspecified (as part-nature) (A067D)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

EtOH from leaves
Substance:

Isoquinoline alkaloids (RF-00004391-PAR)
Additional substance description:

N-norarmepavine in pods
Analytical method code:

IR and Raman Spectroscopy (F010A)
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

N-norarmepavine (isoquinoline alkaloid) in pods

Composition #8: Yang, Tsang-Hsiung., Chen, Chi-Ming., Lu, Chang-Sha., Liao, Chen-Long. Alkaloids of lotus receptacle. Journal of the Chinese Chemical Society (Taipei, Taiwan), 1972, p. 143–147. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Fruit unspecified (as part-nature) (A067D)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

EtOH from leaves
Substance:

nornuciferine (RF-00003519-PAR)
Additional substance description:

in pods
Analytical method code:

IR and Raman Spectroscopy (F010A)
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

Nornuciferine (alkaloid) in pods

Composition #9: Canonica, Luigi., Nali, Micaela., Rindone, Bruno., Tollari, Stefano., Marchesini, Augusto. Biomimetic oxidations of benzylisoquinoline alkaloids. I. The peroxidase and ascorbic oxidase-catalyzed oxidation. gazzetta chimica italiana, 1985, p. 1–5. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Live plants (as part-nature) (A0BA0)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

unspecified
Substance:

Alkaloids (RF-00004360-PAR)
Additional substance description:

(±)-N-methylcoclaurine , (±)-orientaline , (±)-armepavine ), and (±)-reticuline
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

(±)-N-methylcoclaurine , (±)-orientaline , (±)-armepavine ), and (±)-reticuline (benzylisoquinoline alkaloids)

Composition #10: Yan, Ming-Zhu., Chang, Qi., Zhong, Yu., Xiao, Bing-Xin., Feng, Li., Cao, Fang-Rui., Pan, Rei-Le., Zhang, Ze-Sheng., Liao, Yong-Hong., Liu, Xin-Min. Lotus Leaf Alkaloid Extract Displays Sedative-Hypnotic and Anxiolytic Effects through GABAA Receptor. journal of agricultural and food chemistry, 2015 . .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Leaves (as part-nature) (A0EKT)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

95% Ethanol
Substance:

Alkaloids (RF-00004360-PAR)
Additional substance description:

nuciferine (27.76%), N-nornuciferine (13.23%), and 2-hydroxy-1- methoxyaporphine (4.23%)
Analytical method code:

High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC)/Liquid Chromatography (LC) (F018A)
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

Total alkaloids

Composition #11: Duan, Xu-Hong., Pei, Lin., Jiang, Jian-Qin. Cytotoxic alkaloids from stems of Nelumbo nucifera .. zhongguo zhong yao za zhi = zhongguo zhongyao zazhi = china journal of chinese materia medica, 2013, vol. 38, no. 23, p. 4104–8. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Stem / stalk (as part-nature) (A067S)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

unspecified
Substance:

Alkaloids (RF-00004360-PAR)
Additional substance description:

asimilobine and derivatives, coclaurine and derivatives, crykonisine , velucryptine, pycnarrhine and lysicamine
Analytical method code:

Gaschromatography (GC) (F037A)
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

Alkaloids in stem

Composition #12: Qian, JQ. Cardiovascular pharmacological effects of bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloid derivatives . acta pharmacologica sinica, 2002, vol. 23, no. 12, p. 1086–1092. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Seed (as part-nature) (A066P)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

unspecified
Substance:

Neferine (RF-00011033-PAR)
Additional substance description:

isobenzylisoquinoline alkaloid
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

Neferine (isobenzylisoquinoline alkaloid) in seed

Composition #13: Hu, Jiang-Ning., Shan, Bin., Deng, Ze-Yuan., Li, Jing., Fan, Ya-Wei., Ruan, Zheng., Liu, Rong. Application of High-speed Counter-current Chromatography for the Isolation of 5 Alkaloids from Lotus (Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn.) Leaves. FOOD SCIENCE AND BIOTECHNOLOGY, 2010, vol. 19, no. 6, p. 1661–1665. DOI: 10.1007/s10068-010-0235-3. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Leaves (as part-nature) (A0EKT)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

EtOH (90%)
Substance:

anonaine (RF-00004150-PAR)
Analytical method code:

HPLC with standard detection methods (F019A)
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

Anonaine (benzyilisoquinolie alkaloid) in leaves

Endpoint study #1: Mutreja, Anju., Agarwal, Meera., Kushwaha, Sonalika., Chauhan, Alka. Effect of Nelumbo nucifera seeds on the reproductive organs of female rats . iranian journal of reproductive medicine, 2008, vol. 6, no. 1, p. 7–11. .

Study relevance:

Human health
Plant part:

Seed (as part-nature) (A066P)
Preparation/Extraction method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional plant/substance description:

50% ethanol
Type of toxicological test:

reproduction toxicity (CHD009TT)
Tested organism:

Rat (as animal) (A0CNV)
Sex:

Female
Exposure duration:

40.0
Unit of exposure duration:

Day (G134A)
Number of organisms dosed:

10
Control groups used:

yes
Endpoint measured:

Concentration level (CHD013EP)
Concentration unit:

Milligram/kilogram (G061A)
Effect concentration:

800
Critical effect:

REPRODUCTIVE (TOX05A)
Target tissue:

Urogenital (TT006A)
Effect description:

Significant decline in the weight of ovary, uterus; prolonged diestrous phase of the estrous cycle
Effect or parameter linked to the endpoint:

reproduction (CHD014BE)
Internal remarks:

Reproduction toxicity

Endpoint study #2: Liu, Song., Li, Dong., Huang, Bo., Chen, Yuxin., Lu, Xiaocong., Wang, Youwei. Inhibition of pancreatic lipase, alpha-glucosidase, alpha-amylase, and hypolipidemic effects of the total flavonoids from Nelumbo nucifera leaves . journal of ethnopharmacology, 2013, vol. 149, no. 1, p. 263–269. DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2013.06.034. [DOI link]

Study relevance:

Human health
Substance:

Flavonoids (RF-00000437-NTR)
Plant part:

Leaves (as part-nature) (A0EKT)
Preparation/Extraction method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional plant/substance description:

ethanol 70% extract
Type of toxicological test:

in vitro (CHD061TT)
Endpoint measured:

Half maximal inhibitory concentration (CHD021EP)
Concentration unit:

Milligram/millilitre (G191A)
Effect concentration:

0.38
Critical effect:

Digestive (TOX18A)
Target tissue:

digestive: Pancreas (TT024A)
Effect description:

porcine pancreatic lipase inhibition
Effect or parameter linked to the endpoint:

enzyme inhibition (CHD032BE)
Internal remarks:

porcine pancreatic lipase inhibition

Endpoint study #3: Liu, Song., Li, Dong., Huang, Bo., Chen, Yuxin., Lu, Xiaocong., Wang, Youwei. Inhibition of pancreatic lipase, alpha-glucosidase, alpha-amylase, and hypolipidemic effects of the total flavonoids from Nelumbo nucifera leaves . journal of ethnopharmacology, 2013, vol. 149, no. 1, p. 263–269. DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2013.06.034. [DOI link]

Study relevance:

Human health
Substance:

Flavonoids (RF-00000437-NTR)
Plant part:

Leaves (as part-nature) (A0EKT)
Preparation/Extraction method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional plant/substance description:

ethanol 70% extract
Type of toxicological test:

in vitro (CHD061TT)
Endpoint measured:

Half maximal inhibitory concentration (CHD021EP)
Concentration unit:

Milligram/millilitre (G191A)
Effect concentration:

2.2
Critical effect:

Digestive (TOX18A)
Target tissue:

digestive: Pancreas (TT024A)
Effect description:

alpha-amylase inhibition
Effect or parameter linked to the endpoint:

enzyme inhibition (CHD032BE)
Internal remarks:

alpha-amylase inhibition

Endpoint study #4: Liu, Song., Li, Dong., Huang, Bo., Chen, Yuxin., Lu, Xiaocong., Wang, Youwei. Inhibition of pancreatic lipase, alpha-glucosidase, alpha-amylase, and hypolipidemic effects of the total flavonoids from Nelumbo nucifera leaves . journal of ethnopharmacology, 2013, vol. 149, no. 1, p. 263–269. DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2013.06.034. [DOI link]

Study relevance:

Human health
Substance:

Flavonoids (RF-00000437-NTR)
Plant part:

Leaves (as part-nature) (A0EKT)
Preparation/Extraction method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional plant/substance description:

ethanol 70% extract
Type of toxicological test:

in vitro (CHD061TT)
Endpoint measured:

Half maximal inhibitory concentration (CHD021EP)
Concentration unit:

Milligram/millilitre (G191A)
Effect concentration:

1.86
Critical effect:

Digestive (TOX18A)
Target tissue:

digestive: Pancreas (TT024A)
Effect description:

alpha-glucosidase inhibition
Effect or parameter linked to the endpoint:

enzyme inhibition (CHD032BE)
Internal remarks:

alpha-glucosidase inhibition