EFSA Compendium of Botanicals

Draft - work in progress

Myrica gale L. // Myrica gale var. tomentosa C. DC.

Family:: Myricaceae
Approval state:: Approved
Number of articles retrieved:: 439
Number of processed references:: 5

Compositions

#1: Galeon and derivatives (lignans) in live plants #2: Myrcene in leaves essential oil #3: 1,8-cineole in fruit oil #4: Gallic acid in stems

Endpoint Studies

#1: abortive effect #2: strong purgative effect leading to death, always associated with abortion for pregnant females

Genotoxicity

Composition #1: Wishart, DS., Jewison, T., Guo, AC., Wilson, M., Knox, C., Liu, Y., Djoumbou, Y., Mandal, R., Aziat, F., Dong, E., Bouatra, S., Sinelnikov, I., Arndt, D., Xia, J., Liu, P., Yallou, F., Bjorndahl, T., Perez-Pineiro, R., Eisner, R., Allen, F., Neveu, V., Greiner, R., Scalbert, A. (+)-Galeon (HMDB31534).. human metabolome database, 2012, vol. 3.0 . .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Live plants (as part-nature) (A0BA0)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

unspecified
Substance:

lignans (RF-00004361-PAR)
Additional substance description:

Galeon and derivatives
Analytical method code:

Unspecified (F598A)
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

Galeon and derivatives (lignans) in live plants

Composition #2: Bélanger, A., Dextraze, L., Isnardi, M.J., Chalchat, J.C., Garry, R.Ph., Collin, G. Chemical Composition of Essential Oil and Headspace of the Quebec "Myrique baumier" Wax Myrtle (Myrica gale L.). Influence of Extraction Process. journal of essential oil research, 1997, vol. 9, no. 6, p. 657–662. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Leaves (as part-nature) (A0EKT)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Essential oil (as part-nature) (A166Q)
Additional extraction description:

hydrodistillation
Substance:

myrcene (RF-00003503-PAR)
Analytical method code:

GC-MS (F046A)
Result unit:

Percent (G138A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

7.7-20.4
Internal remarks:

Myrcene in leaves essential oil

Composition #3: Sokolova, M., Orav, A., Koel, M., Kailas, T., Muurisepp, M. Composition of the oil and supercritical fluid CO2 extract of sweet gale (Myrica gale L.) fruits . journal of essential oil research, 2005, vol. 17, no. 2, p. 188–191. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Fruit unspecified (as part-nature) (A067D)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

supercritical fluid extraction with CO2
Substance:

1,8-cineole (RF-00003470-PAR)
Analytical method code:

GC-MS (F046A)
Result unit:

Percent (G138A)
Result expression:

Dry matter (B002A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

20.2-28.0
Internal remarks:

1,8-cineole in fruit oil

Composition #4: NAGAI, M., DOHI, J., MORIHARA, M., SAKURAI, N. DIARYLHEPTANOIDS FROM MYRICA-GALE VAR TOMENTOSA AND REVISED STRUCTURE OF PORSON . chemical & pharmaceutical bulletin, 1995, vol. 43, no. 10, p. 1674–1677. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Stem / stalk (as part-nature) (A067S)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

methanol
Substance:

gallic acid (RF-00003821-PAR)
Analytical method code:

Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) (F061A)
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

Gallic acid in stems

Endpoint study #1: Chevalier, J. The Pharmacodynamic and Toxic Action of Myrica gale L. and of the Essence which it Contains. comptes rendus des seances de la societe de biologie et de ses filiales, 1910, p. 738–740. .

Study relevance:

Human health
Plant part:

Live plants (as part-nature) (A0BA0)
Preparation/Extraction method:

Resin (as part-nature) (A166X)
Type of toxicological test:

case report (CHD060TT)
Tested organism:

Dog (as animal) (A0CNL)
Sex:

Female
Route of exposure:

ORAL: FEED (OECD2230PL)
Exposure duration:

1.0
Unit of exposure duration:

Meal (G109A)
Endpoint measured:

Dose level (CHD014EP)
Concentration unit:

Gram (G148A)
Effect concentration:

0.4
Critical effect:

REPRODUCTIVE (TOX05A)
Target tissue:

urogenital: Uterus (TT052A)
Effect description:

abortive effect
Effect or parameter linked to the endpoint:

reproduction (CHD014BE)
Internal remarks:

abortive effect

Endpoint study #2: Chevalier, J. The Pharmacodynamic and Toxic Action of Myrica gale L. and of the Essence which it Contains. comptes rendus des seances de la societe de biologie et de ses filiales, 1910, p. 738–740. .

Study relevance:

Human health
Plant part:

Live plants (as part-nature) (A0BA0)
Preparation/Extraction method:

Resin (as part-nature) (A166X)
Type of toxicological test:

case report (CHD060TT)
Tested organism:

Dog (as animal) (A0CNL)
Sex:

Female
Route of exposure:

ORAL: FEED (OECD2230PL)
Exposure duration:

1.0
Unit of exposure duration:

Meal (G109A)
Endpoint measured:

Dose level (CHD014EP)
Concentration unit:

Gram (G148A)
Effect concentration:

0.4
Critical effect:

Digestive (TOX18A)
Target tissue:

Digestive (TT002A)
Effect description:

strong purgative effect, vomiting and death. always associated with abortion for pregnant females
Effect or parameter linked to the endpoint:

mortality (CHD010BE)
Internal remarks:

strong purgative effect leading to death, always associated with abortion for pregnant females