EFSA Compendium of Botanicals

Draft - work in progress

Morus alba L.

Family:: Moraceae
Approval state:: Approved
Number of articles retrieved:: 3964
Number of processed references:: 5

Compositions

#1: Melatonin #2: Coumarins in leaves #3: Condensed tannins in leaves #4: Coumarins in leaves #5: deoxynojirimycin in leaves

Endpoint Studies

#1: hematological alterations #2: nephrotoxicity #3: hepatotoxicity #4: alpha-amylase inhibition #5: alpha-glucosidase inhibition (M. alba leaf extract) #6: alpha-glucosidase inhibition (deoxynojirimycin) #7: alpha-amylase inhibition (M. alba leaf extract)

Genotoxicity

Composition #1: Gummadi, H., Vinay Kumar, K., Manohar Reddy, E., Rajesh Kumar, J., Ganesan, A.S.K., Veera Reddy, Y., Akbar, M.D. Chemomodulatory influence of melatonin rich Morus alba L. on n-methyl-n-nitrosourea (NMU) induced mammary carcinoma in Sprague-Dawley rats. research journal of pharmaceutical, biological and chemical sciences, 2012, vol. 3, no. 4, p. 994–1000. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Leaves (as part-nature) (A0EKT)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

methanol
Substance:

melatonin (RF-00003485-PAR)
Analytical method code:

Unspecified (F598A)
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

Melatonin

Composition #2: de Oliveira Alisson Macario., Mesquita Matheus da Silva., da Silva Gabriela Cavalcante., de Souza Ivone Antonia., de Oliveira Lima Edeltrudes., de Medeiros Paloma Lys., Paiva Patricia Maria Guedes., Napoleao Thiago Henrique. Evaluation of Toxicity and Antimicrobial Activity of an Ethanolic Extract from Leaves of Morus alba L. (Moraceae). evidence-based complementary and alternative medicine : ecam, 2015 . .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Leaves (as part-nature) (A0EKT)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

EtOH
Substance:

coumarins (RF-00004351-PAR)
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

Coumarins in leaves

Composition #3: de Oliveira, Alisson Macario., Mesquita, Matheus da Silva., da Silva, Gabriela Cavalcante., de Oliveira Lima, Edeltrudes., de Medeiros, Paloma Lys., Paiva, Patricia Maria Guedes., de Souza, Ivone Antonia., Napoleao, Thiago Henrique. Evaluation of Toxicity and Antimicrobial Activity of an Ethanolic Extract from Leaves of Morus alba L. (Moraceae). . evidence-based complementary and alternative medicine : ecam, 2015, vol. 2015, p. 513978–513978. DOI: 10.1155/2015/513978. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Leaves (as part-nature) (A0EKT)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

ethanol
Substance:

Proanthocyanidins (condensed tannins) Proanthocyanidins (condensed tannins) (RF-00004370-PAR)
Analytical method code:

Phytochemical screening (F604A)
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

Condensed tannins in leaves

Composition #4: de Oliveira, Alisson Macario., Mesquita, Matheus da Silva., da Silva, Gabriela Cavalcante., de Oliveira Lima, Edeltrudes., de Medeiros, Paloma Lys., Paiva, Patricia Maria Guedes., de Souza, Ivone Antonia., Napoleao, Thiago Henrique. Evaluation of Toxicity and Antimicrobial Activity of an Ethanolic Extract from Leaves of Morus alba L. (Moraceae). . evidence-based complementary and alternative medicine : ecam, 2015, vol. 2015, p. 513978–513978. DOI: 10.1155/2015/513978. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Leaves (as part-nature) (A0EKT)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

EtOH
Substance:

coumarins (RF-00004351-PAR)
Analytical method code:

Phytochemical screening (F604A)
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

Coumarins in leaves

Composition #5: Kim, Gyo-Nam., Kwon, Young-In., Jang, Hae-Dong. Mulberry Leaf Extract Reduces Postprandial Hyperglycemia with Few Side Effects by Inhibiting alpha-Glucosidase in Normal Rats . journal of medicinal food, 2011, vol. 14, no. 7-8, p. 712–717. DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2010.1368. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Leaves (as part-nature) (A0EKT)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

water extract
Substance:

Piperidine alkaloids (RF-00004320-PAR)
Additional substance description:

1-deoxynojirimycin
Analytical method code:

High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC)/Liquid Chromatography (LC) (F018A)
Result unit:

Percent (G138A)
Result expression:

Whole weight (B001A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

0.11
Internal remarks:

deoxynojirimycin in leaves

Endpoint study #1: de Oliveira, Alisson Macario., Mesquita, Matheus da Silva., da Silva, Gabriela Cavalcante., de Oliveira Lima, Edeltrudes., de Medeiros, Paloma Lys., Paiva, Patricia Maria Guedes., de Souza, Ivone Antonia., Napoleao, Thiago Henrique. Evaluation of Toxicity and Antimicrobial Activity of an Ethanolic Extract from Leaves of Morus alba L. (Moraceae). . evidence-based complementary and alternative medicine : ecam, 2015, vol. 2015, p. 513978–513978. DOI: 10.1155/2015/513978. [DOI link]

Study relevance:

Human health
Plant part:

Leaves (as part-nature) (A0EKT)
Preparation/Extraction method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional plant/substance description:

ethanol
Type of toxicological test:

acute toxicity (CHD016TT)
Limit test:

Not applicable
Tested organism:

House mouse (as animal) (A0CNT)
Strain of test organism:

Swiss (CHD005ST)
Sex:

Male
Route of exposure:

ORAL: FEED (OECD2230PL)
Number of organisms dosed:

9
Control groups used:

yes
Endpoint measured:

Dose level (CHD014EP)
Concentration unit:

Milligram/kilogram (G061A)
Effect concentration:

300
Critical effect:

HEMOPOIETIC (TOX10A)
Target tissue:

Cardiovascular / Haematological (TT001A)
Effect description:

decrease proportion of lymphocytes, increase percentage of segmented leukocytes (although the number of total leukocytes was not altered)
Effect or parameter linked to the endpoint:

haematology (CHD023BE)
Internal remarks:

hematological alterations

Endpoint study #2: de Oliveira, Alisson Macario., Mesquita, Matheus da Silva., da Silva, Gabriela Cavalcante., de Oliveira Lima, Edeltrudes., de Medeiros, Paloma Lys., Paiva, Patricia Maria Guedes., de Souza, Ivone Antonia., Napoleao, Thiago Henrique. Evaluation of Toxicity and Antimicrobial Activity of an Ethanolic Extract from Leaves of Morus alba L. (Moraceae). . evidence-based complementary and alternative medicine : ecam, 2015, vol. 2015, p. 513978–513978. DOI: 10.1155/2015/513978. [DOI link]

Study relevance:

Human health
Plant part:

Leaves (as part-nature) (A0EKT)
Preparation/Extraction method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional plant/substance description:

ethanol
Type of toxicological test:

acute toxicity (CHD016TT)
Limit test:

Not applicable
Tested organism:

House mouse (as animal) (A0CNT)
Strain of test organism:

Swiss (CHD005ST)
Sex:

Male
Route of exposure:

ORAL: FEED (OECD2230PL)
Number of organisms dosed:

9
Control groups used:

yes
Endpoint measured:

Dose level (CHD014EP)
Concentration unit:

Milligram/kilogram (G061A)
Effect concentration:

2000
Critical effect:

NEPHROTOXICITY (TOX03A)
Target tissue:

urogenital: Kidneys (TT046A)
Effect description:

decreae of the subcapsular space and turgidity of the contorted tubules
Effect or parameter linked to the endpoint:

histopathology non neoplastic (CHD025BE)
Internal remarks:

nephrotoxicity

Endpoint study #3: de Oliveira, Alisson Macario., Mesquita, Matheus da Silva., da Silva, Gabriela Cavalcante., de Oliveira Lima, Edeltrudes., de Medeiros, Paloma Lys., Paiva, Patricia Maria Guedes., de Souza, Ivone Antonia., Napoleao, Thiago Henrique. Evaluation of Toxicity and Antimicrobial Activity of an Ethanolic Extract from Leaves of Morus alba L. (Moraceae). . evidence-based complementary and alternative medicine : ecam, 2015, vol. 2015, p. 513978–513978. DOI: 10.1155/2015/513978. [DOI link]

Study relevance:

Human health
Plant part:

Leaves (as part-nature) (A0EKT)
Preparation/Extraction method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional plant/substance description:

ethanol
Type of toxicological test:

acute toxicity (CHD016TT)
Limit test:

Not applicable
Tested organism:

House mouse (as animal) (A0CNT)
Strain of test organism:

Swiss (CHD005ST)
Sex:

Male
Route of exposure:

ORAL: FEED (OECD2230PL)
Number of organisms dosed:

9
Control groups used:

yes
Endpoint measured:

Dose level (CHD014EP)
Concentration unit:

Milligram/kilogram (G061A)
Effect concentration:

2000
Critical effect:

HEPATOTOXICITY (TOX02A)
Target tissue:

digestive: Liver (TT023A)
Effect description:

leukocyte infiltration around the centrilobular vein, which can be associated with intracellular lesions.
Effect or parameter linked to the endpoint:

histopathology non neoplastic (CHD025BE)
Internal remarks:

hepatotoxicity

Endpoint study #4: Nickavar, Bahman., Mosazadeh, Golboo. Influence of Three Morus Species Extracts on alpha-Amylase Activity. iranian journal of pharmaceutical research, 2009, vol. 8, no. 2, p. 115–119. .

Study relevance:

Human health
Plant part:

Leaves (as part-nature) (A0EKT)
Preparation/Extraction method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional plant/substance description:

ethanol 90%
Type of toxicological test:

in vitro (CHD061TT)
Endpoint measured:

Half maximal inhibitory concentration (CHD021EP)
Concentration unit:

Milligram/millilitre (G191A)
Effect concentration:

17.6
Critical effect:

Digestive (TOX18A)
Target tissue:

digestive: Pancreas (TT024A)
Effect description:

alpha-amylase inhibition
Effect or parameter linked to the endpoint:

enzyme inhibition (CHD032BE)
Internal remarks:

alpha-amylase inhibition

Endpoint study #5: Kim, Gyo-Nam., Kwon, Young-In., Jang, Hae-Dong. Mulberry Leaf Extract Reduces Postprandial Hyperglycemia with Few Side Effects by Inhibiting alpha-Glucosidase in Normal Rats . journal of medicinal food, 2011, vol. 14, no. 7-8, p. 712–717. DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2010.1368. [DOI link]

Study relevance:

Human health
Plant part:

Leaves (as part-nature) (A0EKT)
Preparation/Extraction method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional plant/substance description:

water extract
Type of toxicological test:

in vitro (CHD061TT)
Endpoint measured:

Half maximal inhibitory concentration (CHD021EP)
Concentration unit:

Microgram/millilitre (G052A)
Effect concentration:

41
Critical effect:

Digestive (TOX18A)
Target tissue:

Digestive (TT002A)
Effect description:

alpha-glucosidase inhibition
Effect or parameter linked to the endpoint:

enzyme inhibition (CHD032BE)
Internal remarks:

alpha-glucosidase inhibition (M. alba leaf extract)

Endpoint study #6: Kim, Gyo-Nam., Kwon, Young-In., Jang, Hae-Dong. Mulberry Leaf Extract Reduces Postprandial Hyperglycemia with Few Side Effects by Inhibiting alpha-Glucosidase in Normal Rats . journal of medicinal food, 2011, vol. 14, no. 7-8, p. 712–717. DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2010.1368. [DOI link]

Study relevance:

Human health
Substance:

Piperidine alkaloids (RF-00004320-PAR)
Type of toxicological test:

in vitro (CHD061TT)
Endpoint measured:

Half maximal inhibitory concentration (CHD021EP)
Concentration unit:

Microgram/millilitre (G052A)
Effect concentration:

0.07
Critical effect:

Digestive (TOX18A)
Target tissue:

Digestive (TT002A)
Effect description:

alpha-glucosidase inhibition
Effect or parameter linked to the endpoint:

enzyme inhibition (CHD032BE)
Internal remarks:

alpha-glucosidase inhibition (deoxynojirimycin)

Endpoint study #7: Kim, Gyo-Nam., Kwon, Young-In., Jang, Hae-Dong. Mulberry Leaf Extract Reduces Postprandial Hyperglycemia with Few Side Effects by Inhibiting alpha-Glucosidase in Normal Rats . journal of medicinal food, 2011, vol. 14, no. 7-8, p. 712–717. DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2010.1368. [DOI link]

Study relevance:

Human health
Plant part:

Leaves (as part-nature) (A0EKT)
Preparation/Extraction method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional plant/substance description:

water extract
Type of toxicological test:

in vitro (CHD061TT)
Endpoint measured:

Half maximal inhibitory concentration (CHD021EP)
Concentration unit:

Microgram/millilitre (G052A)
Effect concentration:

324.5
Critical effect:

Digestive (TOX18A)
Target tissue:

Digestive (TT002A)
Effect description:

alpha-amylase inhibition
Effect or parameter linked to the endpoint:

enzyme inhibition (CHD032BE)
Internal remarks:

alpha-amylase inhibition (M. alba leaf extract)