EFSA Compendium of Botanicals

Draft - work in progress

Noni (as plant) // Morinda citrifolia L.

Family:: Rubiaceae
Approval state:: Approved
Number of articles retrieved:: 1581
Number of processed references:: 5

Compositions

#1: hydroxyanthraquinones in roots #2: Scopoletin #3: isoamericanoic acid A (lignan)

Endpoint Studies

#1: hepatotoxicity #2: antiestrogenic activity in uterotrophic assay #3: Delayed ossification in fetuses

Genotoxicity

Composition #1: Westendorf, Johannes., Effenberger, Katharina., Iznaguen, Hassan., Basar, Simla. Toxicological and analytical investigations of noni (Morinda citrifolia) fruit juice . journal of agricultural and food chemistry, 2007, vol. 55, no. 2, p. 529–537. DOI: 10.1021/jf062130i. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Roots and other underground parts (as part-nature) (A067M)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

ethylacetate
Substance:

anthraquinones (RF-00004343-PAR)
Additional substance description:

hydroxyanthraquinones
Analytical method code:

High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC)/Liquid Chromatography (LC) (F018A)
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

hydroxyanthraquinones in roots

Composition #2: Lin, Chwan Fwu., Ni, Ching Li., Huang, Yu Ling., Sheu, Shuenn Jyi., Chen, Chien Chih. Lignans and anthraquinones from the fruits of Morinda citrifolia. natural product research, 2007, vol. 21, no. 13, p. 1199–1204. DOI: 10.1080/14786410601132451. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Fruit unspecified (as part-nature) (A067D)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

ethanol
Substance:

scopoletin (RF-00004048-PAR)
Analytical method code:

Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) (F061A)
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

Scopoletin

Composition #3: Lin, Chwan Fwu., Ni, Ching Li., Huang, Yu Ling., Sheu, Shuenn Jyi., Chen, Chien Chih. Lignans and anthraquinones from the fruits of Morinda citrifolia. natural product research, 2007, vol. 21, no. 13, p. 1199–1204. DOI: 10.1080/14786410601132451. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Fruit unspecified (as part-nature) (A067D)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

ethanol
Substance:

lignans (RF-00004361-PAR)
Additional substance description:

isoamericanoic acid A
Analytical method code:

Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) (F061A)
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

isoamericanoic acid A (lignan)

Endpoint study #1: Abdualmjid, R.J., Sergi, C. Hepatotoxic botanicals - An evidence-based systematic review. journal of pharmacy and pharmaceutical sciences, 2013, vol. 16, no. 3, p. 376–404. .

Study relevance:

Human health
Substance:

anthraquinones (RF-00004343-PAR)
Plant part:

Fruit unspecified (as part-nature) (A067D)
Additional plant/substance description:

fruit juice
Type of toxicological test:

case report (CHD060TT)
Tested organism:

Human (as organism) (A056J)
Sex:

Male/Female
Route of exposure:

ORAL: DRINKING WATER (OECD2229PL)
Number of organisms dosed:

4
Control groups used:

no
Endpoint measured:

Dose not reported (CHD066EP)
Critical effect:

HEPATOTOXICITY (TOX02A)
Target tissue:

digestive: Liver (TT023A)
Effect description:

Several cases of severe hepatitis following ingestion of noni juice (various quantities and durations); associated with presence of anthraquinones (moridone, nordamnacanthal, rubiadin, rubiadin-1-methyl ether, anthraquinone glycoside)
Effect or parameter linked to the endpoint:

histopathology non neoplastic (CHD025BE)
Internal remarks:

hepatotoxicity

Endpoint study #2: Mueller, Juliane C., Botelho, Giuliana G. K., Bufalo, Aedra C., Boareto, Ana C., Rattmann, Yanna D., Martins, Elisangela S., Cabrini, Daniela A., Otuki, Michel F., Dalsenter, Paulo R. Morinda citrifolia Linn (Noni): In vivo and in vitro reproductive toxicology . journal of ethnopharmacology, 2009, vol. 121, no. 2, p. 29–33. DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2008.10.019. [DOI link]

Study relevance:

Human health
Plant part:

Fruit unspecified (as part-nature) (A067D)
Preparation/Extraction method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional plant/substance description:

water extract
Type of toxicological test:

reproduction toxicity (CHD009TT)
Tested organism:

House mouse (as animal) (A0CNT)
Strain of test organism:

Wistar (CHD013ST)
Sex:

Female
Route of exposure:

ORAL: GAVAGE (OECD2231PL)
Exposure duration:

3.0
Unit of exposure duration:

Day (G134A)
Number of organisms dosed:

8
Control groups used:

yes, concurrent vehicle
Endpoint measured:

Concentration level (CHD013EP)
Concentration unit:

Milligram/kilogram (G061A)
Effect concentration:

7.5
Critical effect:

ENDOCRINE (TOX12A)
Target tissue:

urogenital: Uterus (TT052A)
Effect description:

antiestrogenic activity resulting in postimplantation losses of 74%
Effect or parameter linked to the endpoint:

reproduction (CHD014BE)
Internal remarks:

antiestrogenic activity in uterotrophic assay

Endpoint study #3: Quallio Marques, Nelson Fernando., Bombonatto Mariano Marques, Ana Paula., Iwano, Ana Livia., Golina, Munisa., De-Carvalho, Rosangela Ribeiro., Roma Paumgartten, Francisco Jose., Dalsenter, Paulo Roberto. Delayed ossification in Wistar rats induced by Morinda citrifolia L. exposure during pregnancy . journal of ethnopharmacology, 2010, vol. 128, no. 1, p. 85–91. DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2009.12.029. [DOI link]

Study relevance:

Human health
Plant part:

Fruit unspecified (as part-nature) (A067D)
Preparation/Extraction method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional plant/substance description:

water extract
Type of toxicological test:

reproduction toxicity (CHD009TT)
Tested organism:

Rat (as animal) (A0CNV)
Strain of test organism:

Wistar (CHD013ST)
Sex:

Female
Route of exposure:

ORAL: GAVAGE (OECD2231PL)
Exposure duration:

8.0
Unit of exposure duration:

Day (G134A)
Number of organisms dosed:

83
Control groups used:

yes, concurrent vehicle
Endpoint measured:

Dose level (CHD014EP)
Concentration unit:

Milligrams per kilogram body weight (G225A)
Effect concentration:

30
Critical effect:

DEVELOPMENTAL (TOX07A)
Target tissue:

Bone (TT054A)
Effect description:

Exposure with extract and juice of Morinda citrifolia did not induce maternal toxicity at the tested doses, but induced delayed ossification in fetuses
Effect or parameter linked to the endpoint:

development (CHD006BE)
Internal remarks:

Delayed ossification in fetuses