EFSA Compendium of Botanicals

Draft - work in progress

Mandragora officinalis Mill. // Mandragora autumnalis Bertol.

Family:: Solanaceae
Approval state:: Approved
Number of articles retrieved:: 39
Number of processed references:: 6

Compositions

#1: Seven alkaloids (atropine,apoatropine,hyosccyamine,scopoamine,belladonnine.cuschohygrine and scopine) #2: Five coumarins (herniarin, umbeelliferone,angelicin.scopoletin and scopolin) #3: Atropine in root #4: Atropine in leaves #5: Atropine in seed #6: Scopolamine in roots #7: Scopolamine in leaves #8: Alkaloids in leaves (total) #9: Scopolamine in seed #10: Alkaloids in seeds (total) #11: Alkaloids in roots (total) #12: calystigenine A3 and B1-B3 in roots #13: calystigenines B2 and B3 in leaves #14: Benzaldehyde in fruit #15: Eugenol in fruit #16: Isoeugenol in fruit

Endpoint Studies

#1: anticholinergic syndrome #2: Anticholinergic syndrome in 15 cases

Genotoxicity

Composition #1: Al-Khalil, Suleiman., Alkofahi, Ahmed. The chemical constituents of Mandragora autumnalis. alexandria journal of pharmaceutical sciences, 1996, p. 135–138. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Live plants (as part-nature) (A0BA0)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

unspecified
Substance:

Alkaloids (RF-00004360-PAR)
Additional substance description:

atropine, apoatropine, hyosccyamine, scopoamine, belladonnine. cuschohygrine and scopine
Analytical method code:

Unspecified (F598A)
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

Seven alkaloids (atropine,apoatropine,hyosccyamine,scopoamine,belladonnine.cuschohygrine and scopine)

Composition #2: Al-Khalil, Suleiman., Alkofahi, Ahmed. The chemical constituents of Mandragora autumnalis. alexandria journal of pharmaceutical sciences, 1996, p. 135–138. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Live plants (as part-nature) (A0BA0)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

unspecified
Substance:

coumarins (RF-00004351-PAR)
Additional substance description:

herniarin, umbelliferone, angelicin, scopoletin and scopolin
Analytical method code:

Unspecified (F598A)
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

Five coumarins (herniarin, umbeelliferone,angelicin.scopoletin and scopolin)

Composition #3: Bekkouche, K., Lazrek, H.B., Jana, M. Quantitative determination of atropine and scopolamine in Mandragora from Morocco DETERMINATION QUANTITATIVE DE L'ATROPINE ET DE LA SCOPOLAMINE CHEZ LA MANDRAGORA MAROCAINE . plantes medicinales et phytotherapie, 1993, vol. 26, no. 4, p. 309–318. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Roots and other underground parts (as part-nature) (A067M)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

methanol and chloroform
Substance:

Atropine (RF-00000246-TOX)
Analytical method code:

High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC)/Liquid Chromatography (LC) (F018A)
Result unit:

Percent (G138A)
Result expression:

Dry matter (B002A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

0.1044-0.2034
Internal remarks:

Atropine in root

Composition #4: Bekkouche, K., Lazrek, H.B., Jana, M. Quantitative determination of atropine and scopolamine in Mandragora from Morocco DETERMINATION QUANTITATIVE DE L'ATROPINE ET DE LA SCOPOLAMINE CHEZ LA MANDRAGORA MAROCAINE . plantes medicinales et phytotherapie, 1993, vol. 26, no. 4, p. 309–318. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Leaves (as part-nature) (A0EKT)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

methanol and chloroform
Substance:

Atropine (RF-00000246-TOX)
Analytical method code:

High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC)/Liquid Chromatography (LC) (F018A)
Result unit:

Percent (G138A)
Result expression:

Dry matter (B002A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

0.0198-0.0467
Internal remarks:

Atropine in leaves

Composition #5: Bekkouche, K., Lazrek, H.B., Jana, M. Quantitative determination of atropine and scopolamine in Mandragora from Morocco DETERMINATION QUANTITATIVE DE L'ATROPINE ET DE LA SCOPOLAMINE CHEZ LA MANDRAGORA MAROCAINE . plantes medicinales et phytotherapie, 1993, vol. 26, no. 4, p. 309–318. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Seed (as part-nature) (A066P)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

methanol and chloroform
Substance:

Atropine (RF-00000246-TOX)
Analytical method code:

High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC)/Liquid Chromatography (LC) (F018A)
Result unit:

Percent (G138A)
Result expression:

Dry matter (B002A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

0.0061-0.0106
Internal remarks:

Atropine in seed

Composition #6: Bekkouche, K., Lazrek, H.B., Jana, M. Quantitative determination of atropine and scopolamine in Mandragora from Morocco DETERMINATION QUANTITATIVE DE L'ATROPINE ET DE LA SCOPOLAMINE CHEZ LA MANDRAGORA MAROCAINE . plantes medicinales et phytotherapie, 1993, vol. 26, no. 4, p. 309–318. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Roots and other underground parts (as part-nature) (A067M)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

methanol and chloroform
Substance:

Scopolamine (RF-00000248-TOX)
Analytical method code:

High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC)/Liquid Chromatography (LC) (F018A)
Result unit:

Percent (G138A)
Result expression:

Dry matter (B002A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

0.0062-0.0271
Internal remarks:

Scopolamine in roots

Composition #7: Bekkouche, K., Lazrek, H.B., Jana, M. Quantitative determination of atropine and scopolamine in Mandragora from Morocco DETERMINATION QUANTITATIVE DE L'ATROPINE ET DE LA SCOPOLAMINE CHEZ LA MANDRAGORA MAROCAINE . plantes medicinales et phytotherapie, 1993, vol. 26, no. 4, p. 309–318. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Leaves (as part-nature) (A0EKT)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

methanol and chloroform
Substance:

Scopolamine (RF-00000248-TOX)
Analytical method code:

High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC)/Liquid Chromatography (LC) (F018A)
Result unit:

Percent (G138A)
Result expression:

Dry matter (B002A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

0.0005-0.0242
Internal remarks:

Scopolamine in leaves

Composition #8: Bekkouche, K., Lazrek, H.B., Jana, M. Quantitative determination of atropine and scopolamine in Mandragora from Morocco DETERMINATION QUANTITATIVE DE L'ATROPINE ET DE LA SCOPOLAMINE CHEZ LA MANDRAGORA MAROCAINE . plantes medicinales et phytotherapie, 1993, vol. 26, no. 4, p. 309–318. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Leaves (as part-nature) (A0EKT)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

methanol and chloroform
Substance:

Alkaloids (RF-00004360-PAR)
Additional substance description:

total alkaloids
Analytical method code:

High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC)/Liquid Chromatography (LC) (F018A)
Result unit:

Percent (G138A)
Result expression:

Dry matter (B002A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

0.03-0.09
Internal remarks:

Alkaloids in leaves (total)

Composition #9: Bekkouche, K., Lazrek, H.B., Jana, M. Quantitative determination of atropine and scopolamine in Mandragora from Morocco DETERMINATION QUANTITATIVE DE L'ATROPINE ET DE LA SCOPOLAMINE CHEZ LA MANDRAGORA MAROCAINE . plantes medicinales et phytotherapie, 1993, vol. 26, no. 4, p. 309–318. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Seed (as part-nature) (A066P)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

methanol and chloroform
Substance:

Scopolamine (RF-00000248-TOX)
Analytical method code:

High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC)/Liquid Chromatography (LC) (F018A)
Result unit:

Percent (G138A)
Result expression:

Dry matter (B002A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

0.0023-0.0042
Internal remarks:

Scopolamine in seed

Composition #10: Bekkouche, K., Lazrek, H.B., Jana, M. Quantitative determination of atropine and scopolamine in Mandragora from Morocco DETERMINATION QUANTITATIVE DE L'ATROPINE ET DE LA SCOPOLAMINE CHEZ LA MANDRAGORA MAROCAINE . plantes medicinales et phytotherapie, 1993, vol. 26, no. 4, p. 309–318. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Seed (as part-nature) (A066P)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

methanol and chloroform
Substance:

Alkaloids (RF-00004360-PAR)
Additional substance description:

total alkaloids
Analytical method code:

High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC)/Liquid Chromatography (LC) (F018A)
Result unit:

Percent (G138A)
Result expression:

Dry matter (B002A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

0.2
Internal remarks:

Alkaloids in seeds (total)

Composition #11: Bekkouche, K., Lazrek, H.B., Jana, M. Quantitative determination of atropine and scopolamine in Mandragora from Morocco DETERMINATION QUANTITATIVE DE L'ATROPINE ET DE LA SCOPOLAMINE CHEZ LA MANDRAGORA MAROCAINE . plantes medicinales et phytotherapie, 1993, vol. 26, no. 4, p. 309–318. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Roots and other underground parts (as part-nature) (A067M)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

methanol and chloroform
Substance:

Alkaloids (RF-00004360-PAR)
Additional substance description:

total alkaloids
Analytical method code:

High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC)/Liquid Chromatography (LC) (F018A)
Result unit:

Percent (G138A)
Result expression:

Dry matter (B002A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

0.12-0.24
Internal remarks:

Alkaloids in roots (total)

Composition #12: Bekkouche, K., Daali, Y., Cherkaoui, S., Veuthey, JL., Christen, P. Calystegine distribution in some solanaceous species. PHYTOCHEMISTRY, 2001, vol. 58, no. 3, p. 455–462. DOI: 10.1016/S0031-9422(01)00283-7. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Roots and other underground parts (as part-nature) (A067M)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

methanol, water
Substance:

Calystegines (RF-00010841-PAR)
Additional substance description:

calystigenine A3 and B1-B3
Analytical method code:

GC-MS (F046A)
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

calystigenine A3 and B1-B3 in roots

Composition #13: Bekkouche, K., Daali, Y., Cherkaoui, S., Veuthey, JL., Christen, P. Calystegine distribution in some solanaceous species. PHYTOCHEMISTRY, 2001, vol. 58, no. 3, p. 455–462. DOI: 10.1016/S0031-9422(01)00283-7. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Leaves (as part-nature) (A0EKT)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

methanol, water
Substance:

calystegine B (RF-00004456-PAR)
Additional substance description:

calystigenine B2 and B3
Analytical method code:

GC-MS (F046A)
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

calystigenines B2 and B3 in leaves

Composition #14: Hanus, L. O., Dembitsky, V. M., Moussaieff, A. Comparative study of volatile compounds in the fresh fruits of Mandragora autumnalis . acta chromatographica, 2006, vol. 17, p. 151–160. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Fruit unspecified (as part-nature) (A067D)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

hexane and dichloromethane
Substance:

Benzaldehyde (RF-00008323-PAR)
Additional substance description:

benzaldehyde isolated from flesh and peel
Analytical method code:

GC-MS (F046A)
Value (concentration, content):

traces
Internal remarks:

Benzaldehyde in fruit

Composition #15: Hanus, L. O., Dembitsky, V. M., Moussaieff, A. Comparative study of volatile compounds in the fresh fruits of Mandragora autumnalis . acta chromatographica, 2006, vol. 17, p. 151–160. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Fruit unspecified (as part-nature) (A067D)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

hexane and dichloromethane
Substance:

Eugenol (RF-00003807-PAR)
Additional substance description:

eugenol isolated from flesh and peel
Analytical method code:

GC-MS (F046A)
Result unit:

Percent (G138A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

1.03
Internal remarks:

Eugenol in fruit

Composition #16: Hanus, L. O., Dembitsky, V. M., Moussaieff, A. Comparative study of volatile compounds in the fresh fruits of Mandragora autumnalis . acta chromatographica, 2006, vol. 17, p. 151–160. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Fruit unspecified (as part-nature) (A067D)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

hexane and dichloromethane
Substance:

Isoeugenol (RF-00002916-PAR)
Additional substance description:

isoeugenol isolated from flesh and peel
Analytical method code:

GC-MS (F046A)
Result unit:

Percent (G138A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

0.66
Internal remarks:

Isoeugenol in fruit

Endpoint study #1: Piccillo, GA., Miele, L., Mondati, E., Moro, PA., Musco, A., Forgione, A., Gasbarrini, G., Grieco, A. Anticholinergic syndrome due to 'Devil's herb': when risks come from the ancient time. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CLINICAL PRACTICE, 2006, vol. 60, no. 4, p. 492–494. DOI: 10.1111/j.1368-5031.2006.00864.x. [DOI link]

Study relevance:

Human health
Substance:

Tropane alkaloids (RF-00000245-TOX)
Plant part:

Leaves (as part-nature) (A0EKT)
Preparation/Extraction method:

Fresh (A166Y)
Type of toxicological test:

case report (CHD060TT)
Tested organism:

Human (as organism) (A056J)
Sex:

Female
Route of exposure:

ORAL: UNSPECIFIED (OECD2234PL)
Exposure duration:

2.0
Unit of exposure duration:

Hour (G099A)
Number of organisms dosed:

1
Endpoint measured:

Dose not reported (CHD066EP)
Critical effect:

SYSTEMIC (TOX01A)
Target tissue:

Cardiovascular / Haematological (TT001A)
Effect description:

anticholinergic syndrome (increasing abdominal pain, nausea and progressive behaviour disturbance, she was tachypnoic and tachycardic, increased body temperature
Effect or parameter linked to the endpoint:

other (CHD003BE)
Internal remarks:

anticholinergic syndrome

Endpoint study #2: JIMENEZMEJIAS, ME., MONTANODIAZ, M., PARDO, FL., JIMENEZ, EC., CORDERO, MCM., GONZALEZ, MJA., DELAPUENTE, MAG. ATROPINE POISONING BY MANDRAGORA-AUTUMNALIS - REPORT OF 15 CASES. medicina clinica, 1990, vol. 95, no. 18, p. 689–692. .

Study relevance:

Human health
Substance:

Tropane alkaloids (RF-00000245-TOX)
Plant part:

Live plants (as part-nature) (A0BA0)
Type of toxicological test:

case report (CHD060TT)
Tested organism:

Human (as organism) (A056J)
Sex:

No data
Number of organisms dosed:

15
Endpoint measured:

Dose not reported (CHD066EP)
Critical effect:

SYSTEMIC (TOX01A)
Target tissue:

Cardiovascular / Haematological (TT001A)
Effect description:

blurred vision, dryness of mouth, difficult micturition, dizziness, headache, vomit, difficult swallowing and abdominal pain. Blushing, areactive mydriasis and tachycardia
Effect or parameter linked to the endpoint:

other (CHD003BE)
Internal remarks:

Anticholinergic syndrome in 15 cases