EFSA Compendium of Botanicals

Draft - work in progress

Lupinus luteus L.

Family:: Fabaceae
Approval state:: Approved
Number of articles retrieved:: 1779
Number of processed references:: 8

Compositions

#1: Isoflavones (flowers without petals) #2: Isoflavones (petals) #3: Isoflavones (leaves) #4: Isoflavones (stalk) #5: Gramine #6: lupinine #7: Gramine #8: sparteine #9: isoflavones #10: Total alkaloids

Endpoint Studies

#1: Lower number of neonates per litter #2: Relative weight of spleen was significantly greater in HG females #3: In males hematocrit and red blood count were lower in HG than in LG group #4: In males relative weight of liver and testicles was greater in HG than in LG group #5: Strong anti-nutritional effects of dietary gramine at >100 mg/kg in rainbow trout mainly due to anti-palatability effect.

Genotoxicity

#1: Genistein 8-C-glucoside induce DNA damage at concentrations >20 μM #2: Data suggests that lead at low concentrations induces the formation of short, rapidly migrating DNA fragments, whereas at higher concentrations, lead probably causes other changes to DNA that result in slower DNA migration in the electric field

Composition #1: Laman, M. A. Isoflavones as a possible index of the food value of Lupinus luteus foliage. vestsi akademii navuk bssr, seryya biyalagichnykh navuk, 1972, p. 40–41. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Flower (as part-nature) (A067B)
Additional extraction description:

unspecified
Substance:

isoflavones (RF-00004359-PAR)
Additional substance description:

mainly genistein glycosides (genistein C-glycoside, genistein 7-glycoside, genistein 7,4'-glycosides)
Analytical method code:

Unspecified (F598A)
Result unit:

Milligram/gram (G060A)
Result expression:

Dry matter (B002A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

12.51-12.93
Internal remarks:

Isoflavones (flowers without petals)

Composition #2: Laman, M. A. Isoflavones as a possible index of the food value of Lupinus luteus foliage. vestsi akademii navuk bssr, seryya biyalagichnykh navuk, 1972, p. 40–41. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Flower (as part-nature) (A067B)
Additional extraction description:

unspecified
Substance:

isoflavones (RF-00004359-PAR)
Additional substance description:

mainly genistein glycosides (genistein C-glycoside, genistein 7-glycoside, genistein 7,4'-glycosides) in petals
Analytical method code:

Unspecified (F598A)
Result unit:

Milligram/gram (G060A)
Result expression:

Dry matter (B002A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

8.41-8.53
Internal remarks:

Isoflavones (petals)

Composition #3: Laman, M. A. Isoflavones as a possible index of the food value of Lupinus luteus foliage. vestsi akademii navuk bssr, seryya biyalagichnykh navuk, 1972, p. 40–41. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Leaves (as part-nature) (A0EKT)
Additional extraction description:

unspecified
Substance:

isoflavones (RF-00004359-PAR)
Additional substance description:

mainly genistein glycosides (genistein C-glycoside, genistein 7-glycoside, genistein 7,4'-glycosides)
Analytical method code:

Unspecified (F598A)
Result unit:

Milligram/gram (G060A)
Result expression:

Dry matter (B002A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

0.99-1.28
Internal remarks:

Isoflavones (leaves)

Composition #4: Laman, M. A. Isoflavones as a possible index of the food value of Lupinus luteus foliage. vestsi akademii navuk bssr, seryya biyalagichnykh navuk, 1972, p. 40–41. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Stem / stalk (as part-nature) (A067S)
Additional extraction description:

unspecified
Substance:

isoflavones (RF-00004359-PAR)
Additional substance description:

mainly genistein glycosides (genistein C-glycoside, genistein 7-glycoside, genistein 7,4'-glycosides)
Analytical method code:

Unspecified (F598A)
Result unit:

Milligram/gram (G060A)
Result expression:

Dry matter (B002A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

0.6-0.7
Internal remarks:

Isoflavones (stalk)

Composition #5: Pastuszewska, Barbara., Ochtabinska, Anna., Lechowski, R. Response of animals to dietary gramine. II. Effects of feeding high-gramine yellow lupin seeds on reproductive performance of rats and on selected hematological and biochemical parameters in offspring. archives of animal nutrition, 2001, p. 17–24. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Seed (as part-nature) (A066P)
Additional extraction description:

unspecified
Substance:

gramine (RF-00003411-PAR)
Additional substance description:

in various varieties of Lupinus luteus
Analytical method code:

Unspecified (F598A)
Result unit:

Gram/kilogram (G015A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

0.13-1.48
Internal remarks:

Gramine

Composition #6: Reinhard, Hans., Rupp, Heinz., Sager, Fritz., Streule, Michael., Zoller, Otmar. Quinolizidine alkaloids and phomopsins in lupin seeds and lupin containing food. Journal of Chromatography A, 2006, p. 353–360. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Seed (as part-nature) (A066P)
Additional extraction description:

unspecified
Substance:

Lupinine (RF-00003912-PAR)
Analytical method code:

GC-MS (F046A)
Result unit:

Microgram/gram (G049A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

3-12
Internal remarks:

lupinine

Composition #7: Reinhard, Hans., Rupp, Heinz., Sager, Fritz., Streule, Michael., Zoller, Otmar. Quinolizidine alkaloids and phomopsins in lupin seeds and lupin containing food. Journal of Chromatography A, 2006, p. 353–360. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Seed (as part-nature) (A066P)
Additional extraction description:

unspecified
Substance:

gramine (RF-00003411-PAR)
Analytical method code:

GC-MS (F046A)
Result unit:

Microgram/gram (G049A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

450-893
Internal remarks:

Gramine

Composition #8: Reinhard, Hans., Rupp, Heinz., Sager, Fritz., Streule, Michael., Zoller, Otmar. Quinolizidine alkaloids and phomopsins in lupin seeds and lupin containing food. Journal of Chromatography A, 2006, p. 353–360. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Seed (as part-nature) (A066P)
Additional extraction description:

unspecified
Substance:

(-)-Sparteine (RF-00004059-PAR)
Analytical method code:

GC-MS (F046A)
Result unit:

Microgram/gram (G049A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

2-50
Internal remarks:

sparteine

Composition #9: Laman, N.A., Volynets, A.P. Isoflavones of the roots of Lupinus luteus. chemistry of natural compounds, 1975, vol. 10, no. 2, p. 175–177. DOI: 10.1007/BF00563607. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Roots and other underground parts (as part-nature) (A067M)
Additional extraction description:

unspecified
Substance:

isoflavones (RF-00004359-PAR)
Additional substance description:

5,7-dihydroxy-3′,4′-methylenedioxyisoflavone and its glucosides; and Genistein and its glucosides.
Analytical method code:

Standard Chromatographic tests (paper- thin layer- and column chromatography) (F016A)
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

isoflavones

Composition #10: Wasilewko, J., Buraczewska, L. Chemical composition including content of amino acids, minerals and alkaloids in seeds of three lupin species cultivated in Poland . journal of animal and feed sciences, 1999, vol. 8, no. 1, p. 1–12. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Seed (as part-nature) (A066P)
Additional extraction description:

unspecified
Substance:

Alkaloids (RF-00004360-PAR)
Additional substance description:

Total alkaloids (mainly lupinine, sparteine and gramine).
Analytical method code:

Unspecified (F598A)
Result unit:

Milligram/kilogram (G061A)
Result expression:

Dry matter (B002A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

230-1300
Internal remarks:

Total alkaloids

Endpoint study #1: Pastuszewska, Barbara., Ochtabinska, Anna., Lechowski, R. Response of animals to dietary gramine. II. Effects of feeding high-gramine yellow lupin seeds on reproductive performance of rats and on selected hematological and biochemical parameters in offspring. archives of animal nutrition, 2001, p. 17–24. .

Study relevance:

Human health
Plant part:

Seed (as part-nature) (A066P)
Additional plant/substance description:

High/low gramine (HG/LG) content seeds mixed in feed
Type of toxicological test:

reproduction toxicity (CHD009TT)
Tested organism:

Rat (as animal) (A0CNV)
Sex:

Male/Female
Route of exposure:

ORAL: FEED (OECD2230PL)
Exposure duration:

31.0
Unit of exposure duration:

Week (G205A)
Number of organisms dosed:

26
Control groups used:

yes
Endpoint measured:

Concentration level (CHD013EP)
Concentration unit:

Percent (G138A)
Effect concentration:

20
Critical effect:

REPRODUCTIVE (TOX05A)
Effect description:

number of neonates per litter tended to be lower by 0.7 and 0.8 pups in HG than in LG group
Effect or parameter linked to the endpoint:

reproduction (CHD014BE)
Internal remarks:

Lower number of neonates per litter

Endpoint study #2: Pastuszewska, Barbara., Ochtabinska, Anna., Lechowski, R. Response of animals to dietary gramine. II. Effects of feeding high-gramine yellow lupin seeds on reproductive performance of rats and on selected hematological and biochemical parameters in offspring. archives of animal nutrition, 2001, p. 17–24. .

Study relevance:

Human health
Plant part:

Seed (as part-nature) (A066P)
Additional plant/substance description:

High/low gramine (HG/LG) content seeds mixed in feed
Type of toxicological test:

subchronic (CHD013TT)
Tested organism:

Rat (as animal) (A0CNV)
Sex:

Male/Female
Route of exposure:

ORAL: FEED (OECD2230PL)
Exposure duration:

31.0
Unit of exposure duration:

Week (G205A)
Number of organisms dosed:

26
Control groups used:

yes
Endpoint measured:

Concentration level (CHD013EP)
Concentration unit:

Percent (G138A)
Effect concentration:

20
Critical effect:

Other toxicities (TOX19A)
Effect description:

Relative weight of spleen was significantly greater in HG females
Effect or parameter linked to the endpoint:

organ weights (CHD012BE)
Internal remarks:

Relative weight of spleen was significantly greater in HG females

Endpoint study #3: Pastuszewska, Barbara., Ochtabinska, Anna., Lechowski, R. Response of animals to dietary gramine. II. Effects of feeding high-gramine yellow lupin seeds on reproductive performance of rats and on selected hematological and biochemical parameters in offspring. archives of animal nutrition, 2001, p. 17–24. .

Study relevance:

Human health
Plant part:

Seed (as part-nature) (A066P)
Additional plant/substance description:

High/low gramine (HG/LG) content seeds mixed in feed
Type of toxicological test:

subchronic (CHD013TT)
Tested organism:

Rat (as animal) (A0CNV)
Sex:

Male/Female
Route of exposure:

ORAL: FEED (OECD2230PL)
Exposure duration:

31.0
Unit of exposure duration:

Week (G205A)
Number of organisms dosed:

26
Control groups used:

yes
Endpoint measured:

Concentration level (CHD013EP)
Concentration unit:

Percent (G138A)
Effect concentration:

20
Critical effect:

HEMOPOIETIC (TOX10A)
Target tissue:

Cardiovascular / Haematological (TT001A)
Effect description:

In males hematocrit and red blood count were lower in HG than in LG group
Effect or parameter linked to the endpoint:

haematology (CHD023BE)
Internal remarks:

In males hematocrit and red blood count were lower in HG than in LG group

Endpoint study #4: Pastuszewska, Barbara., Ochtabinska, Anna., Lechowski, R. Response of animals to dietary gramine. II. Effects of feeding high-gramine yellow lupin seeds on reproductive performance of rats and on selected hematological and biochemical parameters in offspring. archives of animal nutrition, 2001, p. 17–24. .

Study relevance:

Human health
Plant part:

Seed (as part-nature) (A066P)
Additional plant/substance description:

High/low gramine (HG/LG) content seeds mixed in feed
Type of toxicological test:

subchronic (CHD013TT)
Tested organism:

Rat (as animal) (A0CNV)
Sex:

Male/Female
Route of exposure:

ORAL: FEED (OECD2230PL)
Exposure duration:

31.0
Unit of exposure duration:

Week (G205A)
Number of organisms dosed:

26
Control groups used:

yes
Endpoint measured:

Concentration level (CHD013EP)
Concentration unit:

Percent (G138A)
Effect concentration:

20
Critical effect:

Other toxicities (TOX19A)
Effect description:

In males relative weight of liver and testicles was greater in HG than in LG group
Effect or parameter linked to the endpoint:

organ weights (CHD012BE)
Internal remarks:

In males relative weight of liver and testicles was greater in HG than in LG group

Endpoint study #5: Glencross, B., Evans, D., Rutherford, N., Hawkins, W., McCafferty, P., Dods, K., Jones, B., Harris, D., Morton, L., Sweetingham, M., Sipsas, S. The influence of the dietary inclusion of the alkaloid gramine, on rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) growth, feed utilisation and gastrointestinal histology. aquaculture, 2006, vol. 253, no. 1-4, p. 512–522. DOI: 10.1016/j.aquaculture.2005.07.009. [DOI link]

Study relevance:

Animal (target species) health
Substance:

gramine (RF-00003411-PAR)
Type of toxicological test:

short-term toxicity (CHD017TT)
Tested organism:

Rainbow trout (as animal) (A04YE)
Sex:

No data
Route of exposure:

ORAL: FEED (OECD2230PL)
Exposure duration:

6.0
Unit of exposure duration:

Week (G205A)
Control groups used:

yes
Endpoint measured:

Lowest observable effect concentration (CHD027EP)
Concentration unit:

Milligram/kilogram (G061A)
Effect concentration:

100
Critical effect:

DEVELOPMENTAL (TOX07A)
Target tissue:

Digestive (TT002A)
Effect description:

strong anti-nutritional at >100 mg/kg. The mode of action is primarily through an anti-palatability effect.
Effect or parameter linked to the endpoint:

food consumption (CHD007BE)
Internal remarks:

Strong anti-nutritional effects of dietary gramine at >100 mg/kg in rainbow trout mainly due to anti-palatability effect.

Genotox #1: Rucinska, A., Gabryelak, T. Effect of genistein-8-C-glucoside from Lupinus luteus on DNA damage assessed using the comet assay in vitro. cell biology international, 2009, vol. 33, no. 2, p. 247–252. DOI: 10.1016/j.cellbi.2008.11.003. [DOI link]

Study category:

Genotoxicity
Type of toxicological test:

DNA damage and repair assay, unscheduled DNA synthesis in mammalian cells in vitro (CHD038TT)
Method type:

in vitro
Guideline used:

No guideline available
Tested organism:

House mouse (as animal) (A0CNT)
Strain of test organism:

fibroblast (CHD088ST)
Sex:

No data
Exogenous metabolic activation applied:

not applicable
Route of exposure:

OTHER (OECD0PL)
Endpoint measured:

DNA damage and/or repair
Is genotoxic:

Positive
Remarks on genotox study:

Genistein 8-C-glucoside significantly reduced cell viability and induced DNA damage at concentrations >20 μM, but showed protective (antioxidant) effects against DNA damage at lower concentrations (2.5-10 μM).
Internal remarks:

Genistein 8-C-glucoside induce DNA damage at concentrations >20 μM
Internal ID:

eid=2-s2.0-58749100997

Genotox #2: Rucinska, R., Sobkowiak, R., Gwozdz, EA. Genotoxicity of lead in lupin root cells as evaluated by the comet assay. CELLULAR & MOLECULAR BIOLOGY LETTERS, 2004, vol. 9, no. 3, p. 519–528. .

Study category:

Genotoxicity
Type of toxicological test:

single cell gel/comet assay in mammalian cells for detection of DNA damage (CHD040TT)
Method type:

in vitro
Tested organism:

Other (A07XE)
Route of exposure:

OTHER (OECD0PL)
Control groups used:

yes, concurrent no treatment
Endpoint measured:

DNA damage and/or repair
Is genotoxic:

Positive
Remarks on genotox study:

Data suggests that lead at low concentrations induces the formation of short, rapidly migrating DNA fragments, whereas at higher concentrations, lead probably causes other changes to DNA that result in slower DNA migration in the electric field
Internal remarks:

Data suggests that lead at low concentrations induces the formation of short, rapidly migrating DNA fragments, whereas at higher concentrations, lead probably causes other changes to DNA that result in slower DNA migration in the electric field
Internal ID:

WOS:000224288400011