EFSA Compendium of Botanicals

Draft - work in progress

Loofah, smooth (as plant) // Luffa cylindrica (L.) M.Roem.

Family:: Cucurbitaceae
Approval state:: Approved
Number of articles retrieved:: 1204
Number of processed references:: 6

Compositions

#1: Saponins (fruit) #2: Saponins (herb) #3: Saponins #4: Total tannins #5: Phytic acid #6: Lectins #7: Saponins #8: Cardiac glycosides #9: Saponins (lucyoside E,F,N,P) #10: Tannins

Endpoint Studies

#1: Cat (and frog) mortality by respiratory failure. #2: Abortifacient proteins #3: Amylase inhibition #4: Trypsin inhibition

Genotoxicity

Composition #1: Takemoto, Tsunematsu., Arihara, Shigenobu., Yoshikawa, Kazuko., Tanaka, Reiko., Hayashi, Teruaki. Studies on the constituents of Cucurbitaceae plants. XIII. On the saponin constituents of Luffa cylindrica Roem. (2). yakugaku zasshi, 1985, p. 834–839. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Fruit unspecified (as part-nature) (A067D)
Substance:

Saponins (RF-00004333-PAR)
Additional substance description:

Saponins [lucyoside A, E, F, J, K, L and M; 3-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl hederagenin; 3-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl oleanolic acid]
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

Saponins (fruit)

Composition #2: Takemoto, Tsunematsu., Arihara, Shigenobu., Yoshikawa, Kazuko., Tanaka, Reiko., Hayashi, Teruaki. Studies on the constituents of Cucurbitaceae plants. XIII. On the saponin constituents of Luffa cylindrica Roem. (2). yakugaku zasshi, 1985, p. 834–839. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Aerial part of plants (as part-nature) (A166F)
Substance:

Saponins (RF-00004333-PAR)
Additional substance description:

A new saponin lucyoside I isolated from the herb
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

Saponins (herb)

Composition #3: Hussein, Laila., El-Fouly, Mohamed M., El-Baz, F. K., Ghanem, S. A. Nutritional quality and the presence of anti-nutritional factors in leaf protein concentrates (LPC). international journal of food sciences and nutrition, 1999, p. 333–343. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Leaves (as part-nature) (A0EKT)
Substance:

Saponins (RF-00004333-PAR)
Additional substance description:

amount shown in leaf protein concentrate (LPC), expressed in hemolytic value, which is the lowest concentration of LPC extract causing complete hemolysis to the 2% erythrocyte preparation
Analytical method code:

Hemoglobin electrophoresis (F577A)
Result unit:

Unit (G005A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

10.93
Internal remarks:

Saponins

Composition #4: Hussein, Laila., El-Fouly, Mohamed M., El-Baz, F. K., Ghanem, S. A. Nutritional quality and the presence of anti-nutritional factors in leaf protein concentrates (LPC). international journal of food sciences and nutrition, 1999, p. 333–343. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Leaves (as part-nature) (A0EKT)
Substance:

Tannins (RF-00004337-PAR)
Additional substance description:

amount shown in leaf protein concentrate
Analytical method code:

Traditional analytical techniques (wet chemical tests) (F003A)
Analytical method - additional description:

Folin– Denis test
Result unit:

Percent (G138A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

6.51
Internal remarks:

Total tannins

Composition #5: Elemo, Gloria N., Elemo, Babajide O., Erukainure, Ochuko L. Activities of some enzymes, enzyme inhibitors and antinutritional factors from the seeds of sponge gourd (Luffa aegyptiaca M.). african journal of biochemistry research, 2011, p. 86–89. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Seed (as part-nature) (A066P)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

tricholoroacetic acid
Substance:

phytic acid (RF-00000363-NTR)
Additional substance description:

Antinutritional substance
Result unit:

Milligram/gram (G060A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

5.16
Internal remarks:

Phytic acid

Composition #6: Elemo, Gloria N., Elemo, Babajide O., Erukainure, Ochuko L. Activities of some enzymes, enzyme inhibitors and antinutritional factors from the seeds of sponge gourd (Luffa aegyptiaca M.). african journal of biochemistry research, 2011, p. 86–89. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Seed (as part-nature) (A066P)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Substance:

Lectins (RF-00000439-ORG)
Additional substance description:

in dehulled seeds. Concentration expressed as number of agglutination.
Result unit:

Unit (G005A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

3.0
Internal remarks:

Lectins

Composition #7: Elemo, Gloria N., Elemo, Babajide O., Erukainure, Ochuko L. Activities of some enzymes, enzyme inhibitors and antinutritional factors from the seeds of sponge gourd (Luffa aegyptiaca M.). african journal of biochemistry research, 2011, p. 86–89. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Seed (as part-nature) (A066P)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Substance:

Saponins (RF-00004333-PAR)
Additional substance description:

Antinutritional substance.
Result unit:

Gram/100 gram (G013A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

0.11
Internal remarks:

Saponins

Composition #8: Abu Hasan Howlader, Md., Iqbal, Md. Shamim., Islam, S. M. Sirajul., Quader, M. A. Phytochemical constituents of some vegetables. dhaka university journal of science, 2013, p. 147–151. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Fruit unspecified (as part-nature) (A067D)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

aqueous methanol
Substance:

cardiac glycosides (RF-00010823-PAR)
Analytical method code:

Standard Chromatographic tests (paper- thin layer- and column chromatography) (F016A)
Analytical method - additional description:

TLC, phytochemical screening
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

Cardiac glycosides

Composition #9: Abu Hasan Howlader, Md., Iqbal, Md. Shamim., Islam, S. M. Sirajul., Quader, M. A. Phytochemical constituents of some vegetables. dhaka university journal of science, 2013, p. 147–151. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Fruit unspecified (as part-nature) (A067D)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

ethyl acetate. aqueous methanol
Substance:

pentacyclic triterpene saponins (RF-00004334-PAR)
Additional substance description:

lucyoside E, F, N,P
Analytical method code:

Standard Chromatographic tests (paper- thin layer- and column chromatography) (F016A)
Analytical method - additional description:

TLC, phytochemical screening
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

Saponins (lucyoside E,F,N,P)

Composition #10: Abu Hasan Howlader, Md., Iqbal, Md. Shamim., Islam, S. M. Sirajul., Quader, M. A. Phytochemical constituents of some vegetables. dhaka university journal of science, 2013, p. 147–151. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Fruit unspecified (as part-nature) (A067D)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

ethyl acetate. aqueous methanol
Substance:

Tannins (RF-00004337-PAR)
Analytical method code:

Standard Chromatographic tests (paper- thin layer- and column chromatography) (F016A)
Analytical method - additional description:

TLC, phytochemical screening
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

Tannins

Endpoint study #1: de la Torre, Martin., Santos, A. C. The crystalline principle of Luffa cylindrica (Linn.) Roemer. rev. filipina med. farm., 1939, p. 168–170. .

Study relevance:

Human health
Plant part:

Unspecified (A07XD)
Preparation/Extraction method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional plant/substance description:

Neutral crystal., very bitter compound. practically insoluble in water and diluted and concentrated HCl or NaOH. slightly soluble in Et2O and soluble in most other organic solvents. probable formula C16H24O4
Type of toxicological test:

acute toxicity (CHD016TT)
Tested organism:

Cat (as animal) (A0CNM)
Sex:

No data
Control groups used:

no data
Endpoint measured:

Dose level (CHD014EP)
Concentration unit:

Milligram/kilogram (G061A)
Effect concentration:

10
Critical effect:

PULMONARY AND CARDIAC (TOX08A)
Target tissue:

respiratory: Lung (TT041A)
Effect description:

Death was by respiratory failure.
Effect or parameter linked to the endpoint:

mortality (CHD010BE)
Internal remarks:

Cat (and frog) mortality by respiratory failure.

Endpoint study #2: Ng, T. B., Wong, Ricky N. S., Yeung, H. W. Two proteins with ribosome-inactivating, cytotoxic and abortifacient activities from seeds of Luffa cylindrica Roem (Cucurbitaceae). biochemistry international, 1992, p. 197–207. .

Study relevance:

Human health
Substance:

Glycopeptides (Cyclic peptides, Polypeptides) Glycopeptides (Cyclic peptides, Polypeptides) (RF-00000741-VET)
Plant part:

Seed (as part-nature) (A066P)
Preparation/Extraction method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional plant/substance description:

precipitation in acteone of two glycoproteins, mol. wt. 28,000 and 28,500
Type of toxicological test:

reproduction toxicity (CHD009TT)
Tested organism:

House mouse (as animal) (A0CNT)
Sex:

Female
Control groups used:

no data
Endpoint measured:

Dose not reported (CHD066EP)
Critical effect:

REPRODUCTIVE (TOX05A)
Target tissue:

Urogenital (TT006A)
Effect description:

The proteins were capable of inducing mid-term abortion in mice
Effect or parameter linked to the endpoint:

reproduction (CHD014BE)
Internal remarks:

Abortifacient proteins

Endpoint study #3: Elemo, Gloria N., Elemo, Babajide O., Erukainure, Ochuko L. Activities of some enzymes, enzyme inhibitors and antinutritional factors from the seeds of sponge gourd (Luffa aegyptiaca M.). african journal of biochemistry research, 2011, p. 86–89. .

Study relevance:

Human health
Plant part:

Seed (as part-nature) (A066P)
Preparation/Extraction method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional plant/substance description:

dehulled + hexane extraction
Type of toxicological test:

in vitro (CHD061TT)
Route of exposure:

OTHER (OECD0PL)
Endpoint measured:

Enzyme inhibition (CHD067EP)
Concentration unit:

Unit (G005A)
Effect concentration:

19.60
Critical effect:

Digestive (TOX18A)
Target tissue:

Digestive (TT002A)
Effect description:

Dehulled seeds inhibiting amylase at 19.6 Units/mg protein
Effect or parameter linked to the endpoint:

food efficiency (CHD021BE)
Internal remarks:

Amylase inhibition

Endpoint study #4: Elemo, Gloria N., Elemo, Babajide O., Erukainure, Ochuko L. Activities of some enzymes, enzyme inhibitors and antinutritional factors from the seeds of sponge gourd (Luffa aegyptiaca M.). african journal of biochemistry research, 2011, p. 86–89. .

Study relevance:

Human health
Plant part:

Seed (as part-nature) (A066P)
Preparation/Extraction method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional plant/substance description:

dehulled seeds extracted in dilute alkali
Type of toxicological test:

in vitro (CHD061TT)
Route of exposure:

OTHER (OECD0PL)
Endpoint measured:

Enzyme inhibition (CHD067EP)
Concentration unit:

Unit (G005A)
Effect concentration:

24
Critical effect:

Digestive (TOX18A)
Target tissue:

Digestive (TT002A)
Effect description:

Dehulled seeds inhibiting tryspin at 24 Units/mg protein
Effect or parameter linked to the endpoint:

food efficiency (CHD021BE)
Internal remarks:

Trypsin inhibition