EFSA Compendium of Botanicals

Draft - work in progress

Lippia alba (Mill.) N.E.Br. ex Britton & P.Wilson

Family:: Verbenaceae
Approval state:: Approved
Number of articles retrieved:: 477
Number of processed references:: 10

Compositions

#1: Camphor #2: Dihydrocarvone #3: Myrcene #4: beta-myrcene #5: Myrcene (leaves) #6: 1,8-cineole (leaves) #7: Carvone (leaves) #8: tannins #9: 1,8 Cineol #10: carvone (roots) #11: 1,8-cineole #12: Myrcene #13: Carvone #14: Piperitone #15: Piperitenone #16: Carvone #17: Piperitone #18: Piperitenone

Endpoint Studies

#1: Ataxy, lethargy, moderate convulsions at 900 mg/kg. up to mortality at 2000 mg/kg

Genotoxicity

Composition #1: Fester, G. A., Martinuzzi, E. A., Retamar, J. A., Ricciardi, A. I. A. Essential oils from Argentine plants. boletin de la academia nacional de ciencias (argentina), 1958, p. 189–208. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Unspecified (A07XD)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Essential oil (as part-nature) (A166Q)
Additional extraction description:

Distillation
Substance:

Camphor (RF-00003986-PAR)
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

Camphor

Composition #2: Fester, G. A., Martinuzzi, E. A., Retamar, J. A., Ricciardi, A. I. A. Essential oils from Argentine plants. boletin de la academia nacional de ciencias (argentina), 1958, p. 189–208. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Unspecified (A07XD)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Essential oil (as part-nature) (A166Q)
Additional extraction description:

Distillation
Substance:

Dihydrocarvone (RF-00011286-PAR)
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

Dihydrocarvone

Composition #3: Singh, G., Pandey, S.K., Leclercq, P.A., Sperkova, J. Studies on essential oils. Part 15. GC/MS analysis of chemical constituents of leaf oil of Lippia alba (Mill.) from north India. journal of essential oil research, 1999, vol. 11, no. 2, p. 206–208. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Leaves (as part-nature) (A0EKT)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Essential oil (as part-nature) (A166Q)
Additional extraction description:

Distillation
Substance:

myrcene (RF-00003503-PAR)
Analytical method code:

GC-MS (F046A)
Result unit:

Percent (G138A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

26.4
Internal remarks:

Myrcene

Composition #4: Aular, Y., Villamizar, M., Pérez, Y., Pérez, V. Chemical composition and oral acute toxicity of Lippia alba essential oil in mice Composición química y toxicidad aguda oral del aceite esencial de Lippia alba en ratones . salus, 2016, vol. 20, no. 1, p. 43–51. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Aerial part of plants (as part-nature) (A166F)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Essential oil (as part-nature) (A166Q)
Substance:

myrcene (RF-00003503-PAR)
Additional substance description:

beta-myrcene
Analytical method code:

Gaschromatography (GC) (F037A)
Analytical method - additional description:

MS
Result unit:

Percent (G138A)
Result expression:

Whole weight (B001A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

2.38
Internal remarks:

beta-myrcene

Composition #5: Blank, Arie Fitzgerald., Camelo, Lidia Cristina Alves., Arrigoni-Blank, Maria de Fatima., Pinheiro, Jose Baldin., Andrade, Thiago Matos., Niculau, Edenilson dos Santos., Alves, Pericles Barreto. Chemical Diversity in Lippia alba (Mill.) N. E. Brown Germplasm.. thescientificworldjournal, 2015, vol. 2015, p. 321924–321924. DOI: 10.1155/2015/321924. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Leaves (as part-nature) (A0EKT)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Essential oil (as part-nature) (A166Q)
Additional extraction description:

Distillation
Substance:

myrcene (RF-00003503-PAR)
Analytical method code:

GC-MS (F046A)
Result unit:

Percent (G138A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

1.27-5.07
Internal remarks:

Myrcene (leaves)

Composition #6: Blank, Arie Fitzgerald., Camelo, Lidia Cristina Alves., Arrigoni-Blank, Maria de Fatima., Pinheiro, Jose Baldin., Andrade, Thiago Matos., Niculau, Edenilson dos Santos., Alves, Pericles Barreto. Chemical Diversity in Lippia alba (Mill.) N. E. Brown Germplasm.. thescientificworldjournal, 2015, vol. 2015, p. 321924–321924. DOI: 10.1155/2015/321924. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Leaves (as part-nature) (A0EKT)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Essential oil (as part-nature) (A166Q)
Additional extraction description:

Distillation
Substance:

1,8-cineole (RF-00003470-PAR)
Analytical method code:

GC-MS (F046A)
Result unit:

Percent (G138A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

2.38-9.22
Internal remarks:

1,8-cineole (leaves)

Composition #7: Blank, Arie Fitzgerald., Camelo, Lidia Cristina Alves., Arrigoni-Blank, Maria de Fatima., Pinheiro, Jose Baldin., Andrade, Thiago Matos., Niculau, Edenilson dos Santos., Alves, Pericles Barreto. Chemical Diversity in Lippia alba (Mill.) N. E. Brown Germplasm.. thescientificworldjournal, 2015, vol. 2015, p. 321924–321924. DOI: 10.1155/2015/321924. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Leaves (as part-nature) (A0EKT)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Essential oil (as part-nature) (A166Q)
Additional extraction description:

Distillation
Substance:

Carvone (RF-0538-001-PPP)
Analytical method code:

GC-MS (F046A)
Result unit:

Percent (G138A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

1.16-77.74
Internal remarks:

Carvone (leaves)

Composition #8: Pansera, M.R., Santos, A.C.A., Paese, K., Wasum, R., Rossato, M., Rota, L.D., Pauletti, G.F., Serafini, L.A. Análise de taninos totais em plantas aromáticas e medicinais cultivadas no Nordeste do Rio Grande do Sul . revista brasileira de farmacognosia, 2003, vol. 13, no. 1, p. 17–22. DOI: 10.1590/S0102-695X2003000100002. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Unspecified (A07XD)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

methanol
Substance:

Tannins (RF-00004337-PAR)
Additional substance description:

Tannins (soluble and insoluble)
Substance used for equivalence:

tannic acid (RF-00004069-PAR)
Analytical method code:

Colorimetry, Spectroscopy (Spectrometry) and Photometry (F008A)
Result unit:

Percent (G138A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

18.9
Internal remarks:

tannins

Composition #9: Zoghbi, MDGB., Andrade, EHA., Santos, AS., Silva, MHL., Maia, JGS. Essential oils of Lippia alba (Mill.) N. E. Br growing wild in the Brazilian Amazon . flavour and fragrance journal, 1998, vol. 13, no. 1, p. 47–48. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Aerial part of plants (as part-nature) (A166F)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Essential oil (as part-nature) (A166Q)
Additional extraction description:

Distillation
Substance:

1,8-cineole (RF-00003470-PAR)
Result unit:

Percent (G138A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

3.1-34.9
Internal remarks:

1,8 Cineol

Composition #10: Sena Filho, Jose G., Duringer, Jennifer M., Souza, Ivone A., da Cunha, Emidio V. L., Craig, A. Morrie., Silva, Marcelo S., Barbosa-Filho, Jose M., Xavier, Haroudo S. Phytochemistry and acute toxicity from the roots of Lippia alba. pharmaceutical biology, 2009, vol. 47, no. 2, p. 142–145. DOI: 10.1080/13880200802439418. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Roots and other underground parts (as part-nature) (A067M)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

Petroleum ether
Substance:

Carvone (RF-0538-001-PPP)
Analytical method code:

GC-MS (F046A)
Result unit:

Percent (G138A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

23.7
Internal remarks:

carvone (roots)

Composition #11: Neto, Antonio C., Netto, Joaquim C., Pereira, Paulo S., Pereira, Ana M. S., Taleb-Contini, Silvia H., Franca, Suzelei C., Marques, Marcia O. M., Beleboni, Rene O. The role of polar phytocomplexes on anticonvulsant effects of leaf extracts of Lippia alba (Mill.) NE Brown chemotypes . journal of pharmacy and pharmacology, 2009, vol. 61, no. 7, p. 933–939. DOI: 10.1211/jpp/61.07.0013. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Leaves (as part-nature) (A0EKT)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Essential oil (as part-nature) (A166Q)
Substance:

1,8-cineole (RF-00003470-PAR)
Analytical method code:

GC-MS (F046A)
Result unit:

Percent (G138A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

8.80
Internal remarks:

1,8-cineole

Composition #12: Neto, Antonio C., Netto, Joaquim C., Pereira, Paulo S., Pereira, Ana M. S., Taleb-Contini, Silvia H., Franca, Suzelei C., Marques, Marcia O. M., Beleboni, Rene O. The role of polar phytocomplexes on anticonvulsant effects of leaf extracts of Lippia alba (Mill.) NE Brown chemotypes . journal of pharmacy and pharmacology, 2009, vol. 61, no. 7, p. 933–939. DOI: 10.1211/jpp/61.07.0013. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Leaves (as part-nature) (A0EKT)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Essential oil (as part-nature) (A166Q)
Substance:

myrcene (RF-00003503-PAR)
Analytical method code:

GC-MS (F046A)
Result unit:

Percent (G138A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

1.75-52.03
Internal remarks:

Myrcene

Composition #13: Neto, Antonio C., Netto, Joaquim C., Pereira, Paulo S., Pereira, Ana M. S., Taleb-Contini, Silvia H., Franca, Suzelei C., Marques, Marcia O. M., Beleboni, Rene O. The role of polar phytocomplexes on anticonvulsant effects of leaf extracts of Lippia alba (Mill.) NE Brown chemotypes . journal of pharmacy and pharmacology, 2009, vol. 61, no. 7, p. 933–939. DOI: 10.1211/jpp/61.07.0013. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Leaves (as part-nature) (A0EKT)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Essential oil (as part-nature) (A166Q)
Substance:

Carvone (RF-0538-001-PPP)
Analytical method code:

GC-MS (F046A)
Result unit:

Percent (G138A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

5.53-78.46
Internal remarks:

Carvone

Composition #14: Andrea Lopez, Molkary., Stashenko, Elena E., Luis Fuentes, Jorge. Chemical composition and antigenotoxic properties of Lippia alba essential oils . genetics and molecular biology, 2011, vol. 34, no. 3, p. 479–488. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Leaves (as part-nature) (A0EKT)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Essential oil (as part-nature) (A166Q)
Additional extraction description:

Fresh leaves and flowers extracted by steam distillation
Substance:

p-Menth-1-en-3-one (RF-00009951-PAR)
Analytical method code:

Standard Chromatographic tests (paper- thin layer- and column chromatography) (F016A)
Result unit:

Percent Area (G139A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

4.40
Internal remarks:

Piperitone

Composition #15: Andrea Lopez, Molkary., Stashenko, Elena E., Luis Fuentes, Jorge. Chemical composition and antigenotoxic properties of Lippia alba essential oils . genetics and molecular biology, 2011, vol. 34, no. 3, p. 479–488. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Leaves (as part-nature) (A0EKT)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Essential oil (as part-nature) (A166Q)
Additional extraction description:

Fresh leaves and flowers extracted by steam distillation
Substance:

p-Mentha-1,4(8)-dien-3-one (RF-00009950-PAR)
Analytical method code:

Standard Chromatographic tests (paper- thin layer- and column chromatography) (F016A)
Result unit:

Percent Area (G139A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

4.3
Internal remarks:

Piperitenone

Composition #16: Zapata, Bibiana., Betancur-Galvis, Liliana., Duran, Camilo., Stashenko, Elena. Cytotoxic activity of Asteraceae and Verbenaceae family essential oils. journal of essential oil research, 2014, vol. 26, no. 1, p. 50–57. DOI: 10.1080/10412905.2013.820674. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Aerial part of plants (as part-nature) (A166F)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Essential oil (as part-nature) (A166Q)
Additional extraction description:

Distillation
Substance:

Carvone (RF-0538-001-PPP)
Analytical method code:

GC-MS (F046A)
Analytical method - additional description:

GC/MS and GC/FID
Result unit:

Percent (G138A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

36.7
Internal remarks:

Carvone

Composition #17: Zapata, Bibiana., Betancur-Galvis, Liliana., Duran, Camilo., Stashenko, Elena. Cytotoxic activity of Asteraceae and Verbenaceae family essential oils. journal of essential oil research, 2014, vol. 26, no. 1, p. 50–57. DOI: 10.1080/10412905.2013.820674. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Aerial part of plants (as part-nature) (A166F)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Essential oil (as part-nature) (A166Q)
Additional extraction description:

Distillation
Substance:

p-Menth-1-en-3-one (RF-00009951-PAR)
Analytical method code:

GC-MS (F046A)
Analytical method - additional description:

GC/MS and GC/FID
Result unit:

Percent (G138A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

2.7
Internal remarks:

Piperitone

Composition #18: Zapata, Bibiana., Betancur-Galvis, Liliana., Duran, Camilo., Stashenko, Elena. Cytotoxic activity of Asteraceae and Verbenaceae family essential oils. journal of essential oil research, 2014, vol. 26, no. 1, p. 50–57. DOI: 10.1080/10412905.2013.820674. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Aerial part of plants (as part-nature) (A166F)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Essential oil (as part-nature) (A166Q)
Additional extraction description:

Distillation
Substance:

p-Mentha-1,4(8)-dien-3-one (RF-00009950-PAR)
Analytical method code:

GC-MS (F046A)
Analytical method - additional description:

GC/MS and GC/FID
Result unit:

Percent (G138A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

5
Internal remarks:

Piperitenone

Endpoint study #1: Aular, Y., Villamizar, M., Pérez, Y., Pérez, V. Chemical composition and oral acute toxicity of Lippia alba essential oil in mice Composición química y toxicidad aguda oral del aceite esencial de Lippia alba en ratones . salus, 2016, vol. 20, no. 1, p. 43–51. .

Study relevance:

Human health
Plant part:

Aerial part of plants (as part-nature) (A166F)
Preparation/Extraction method:

Essential oil (as part-nature) (A166Q)
Type of toxicological test:

acute toxicity (CHD016TT)
Tested organism:

Rat (as animal) (A0CNV)
Sex:

Male/Female
Route of exposure:

ORAL: GAVAGE (OECD2231PL)
Exposure duration:

30.0
Unit of exposure duration:

Minute (G074A)
Number of organisms dosed:

10
Control groups used:

yes
Endpoint measured:

Concentration level (CHD013EP)
Concentration unit:

Milligram/kilogram (G061A)
Effect concentration:

900
Critical effect:

NEUROTOXICITY (TOX04A)
Target tissue:

Neurologic (TT004A)
Effect description:

ataxy(accentuated in 50% of rats )/ lethargy (accentuated in 100%of males and 83,3% of females)/ convulsions ( moderate to severe from 900 to 1500 mg/kg) - mortality at 2000 mg/kg
Effect or parameter linked to the endpoint:

mobility (CHD011BE)
Internal remarks:

Ataxy, lethargy, moderate convulsions at 900 mg/kg. up to mortality at 2000 mg/kg