EFSA Compendium of Botanicals

Draft - work in progress

Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit

Family:: Fabaceae
Approval state:: Approved
Number of articles retrieved:: 4030
Number of processed references:: 7

Compositions

#1: Phytin in leaves #2: Oxalates in leaves #3: Cyanide in leaves #4: Alkaloids in seed #5: Mimosine in leaves #6: Tannins in leaves #7: Condensed tannins #8: Mimosine in seed #9: Mimosine in leaves

Endpoint Studies

#1: Abortion and thyroidal alterations in goats #2: Hair loss, skin alteratione and folicular atrophy including thiroid gland #3: Hepatotoxicity and antinutritional effect #4: Animals fed solely on it for prolonged duration develop skin allergy (Pruritus) leading to loss of body hair resulting in bare patches. There is also decline in feed intake, poor weight gain and weakening of bones.

Genotoxicity

Composition #1: Abatan, M. O., Arowolo, R. O., Olurunsogo, O. O. Phytochemical analysis of some commonly occurring poisonous plants in Nigerian pastures . tropical veterinarian, 1997, vol. 15, no. 1-2, p. 49–54. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Leaves (as part-nature) (A0EKT)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

tricarboxylic acid
Substance:

phytic acid (RF-00000363-NTR)
Analytical method code:

Phytochemical screening (F604A)
Result unit:

Percent (G138A)
Result expression:

Dry matter (B002A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

18.7
Internal remarks:

Phytin in leaves

Composition #2: Abatan, M. O., Arowolo, R. O., Olurunsogo, O. O. Phytochemical analysis of some commonly occurring poisonous plants in Nigerian pastures . tropical veterinarian, 1997, vol. 15, no. 1-2, p. 49–54. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Leaves (as part-nature) (A0EKT)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

HCl
Substance:

Oxalates (RF-00004308-PAR)
Analytical method code:

Phytochemical screening (F604A)
Result unit:

Percent (G138A)
Result expression:

Dry matter (B002A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

0.126
Internal remarks:

Oxalates in leaves

Composition #3: Abatan, M. O., Arowolo, R. O., Olurunsogo, O. O. Phytochemical analysis of some commonly occurring poisonous plants in Nigerian pastures . tropical veterinarian, 1997, vol. 15, no. 1-2, p. 49–54. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Leaves (as part-nature) (A0EKT)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

unspecified
Substance:

Cyanide (RF-00000021-CHE)
Analytical method code:

Phytochemical screening (F604A)
Result unit:

Microgram/gram (G049A)
Result expression:

Dry matter (B002A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

14.2
Internal remarks:

Cyanide in leaves

Composition #4: Villasenor, IM., Gajo, RMT., Gonda, RC. Bioactivity studies on the alkaloid extracts from seeds of Leucaena leucocephala . phytotherapy research, 1997, vol. 11, no. 8, p. 615–617. DOI: 10.1002/(SICI)1099-1573(199712)11:8<615::AID-PTR170>3.0.CO;2-P. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Seed (as part-nature) (A066P)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

Chloroform or Ethylacetate
Substance:

Alkaloids (RF-00004360-PAR)
Analytical method code:

Phytochemical screening (F604A)
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

Alkaloids in seed

Composition #5: Fayemi, P. O., Onwuka, C. F., I., Isah, O. A., Jegede, A., V., Arigbede, O. M., Muchenje, V. Effects of mimosine and tannin toxicity on rabbits fed processed Leucaena leucocephala (Lam) De Wit. leaves . african journal of agricultural research, 2011, vol. 6, no. 17, p. 4081–4085. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Leaves (as part-nature) (A0EKT)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

water, sun dried
Substance:

Mimosine (RF-00011226-PAR)
Result unit:

Percent (G138A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

1.25-1.64
Internal remarks:

Mimosine in leaves

Composition #6: Fayemi, P. O., Onwuka, C. F., I., Isah, O. A., Jegede, A., V., Arigbede, O. M., Muchenje, V. Effects of mimosine and tannin toxicity on rabbits fed processed Leucaena leucocephala (Lam) De Wit. leaves . african journal of agricultural research, 2011, vol. 6, no. 17, p. 4081–4085. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Leaves (as part-nature) (A0EKT)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Substance:

Tannins (RF-00004337-PAR)
Result unit:

Percent (G138A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

0.77-1.20
Internal remarks:

Tannins in leaves

Composition #7: DMELLO, JPF. CHEMICAL CONSTRAINTS TO THE USE OF TROPICAL LEGUMES IN ANIMAL NUTRITION. animal feed science and technology, 1992, vol. 38, no. 2-3, p. 237–261. DOI: 10.1016/0377-8401(92)90105-F. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Unspecified (A07XD)
Additional extraction description:

unspecified
Substance:

Proanthocyanidins (condensed tannins) Proanthocyanidins (condensed tannins) (RF-00004370-PAR)
Analytical method code:

Unspecified (F598A)
Result unit:

Gram/kilogram (G015A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

30-43
Internal remarks:

Condensed tannins

Composition #8: DMELLO, JPF. CHEMICAL CONSTRAINTS TO THE USE OF TROPICAL LEGUMES IN ANIMAL NUTRITION. animal feed science and technology, 1992, vol. 38, no. 2-3, p. 237–261. DOI: 10.1016/0377-8401(92)90105-F. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Seed (as part-nature) (A066P)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

unspecified
Substance:

Mimosine (RF-00011226-PAR)
Result unit:

Gram/kilogram (G015A)
Result expression:

Dry matter (B002A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

145
Internal remarks:

Mimosine in seed

Composition #9: DMELLO, JPF. CHEMICAL CONSTRAINTS TO THE USE OF TROPICAL LEGUMES IN ANIMAL NUTRITION. animal feed science and technology, 1992, vol. 38, no. 2-3, p. 237–261. DOI: 10.1016/0377-8401(92)90105-F. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Leaves (as part-nature) (A0EKT)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

unspecified
Substance:

Mimosine (RF-00011226-PAR)
Analytical method code:

Unspecified (F598A)
Result unit:

Gram/kilogram (G015A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

25
Internal remarks:

Mimosine in leaves

Endpoint study #1: Sastry, M. S., Singh, Rajendra. Toxic effects of subabul (Leucaena leucocelphala) on the thyroid and reproduction of female goats . indian journal of animal sciences, 2008, vol. 78, no. 3, p. 251–253. .

Study relevance:

Human health
Plant part:

Leaves (as part-nature) (A0EKT)
Preparation/Extraction method:

Fresh (A166Y)
Type of toxicological test:

subchronic (CHD013TT)
Tested organism:

Goat (as animal) (A057P)
Sex:

Female
Route of exposure:

ORAL: FEED (OECD2230PL)
Exposure duration:

14.0
Unit of exposure duration:

Month (G206A)
Endpoint measured:

Dose not reported (CHD066EP)
Critical effect:

REPRODUCTIVE (TOX05A)
Target tissue:

glandular: Thyroid (TT033A)
Effect description:

Abortion and thyroidal alterations. Exposure duration was 4-14 months
Effect or parameter linked to the endpoint:

reproduction (CHD014BE)
Internal remarks:

Abortion and thyroidal alterations in goats

Endpoint study #2: Peixoto, Paulo Vargas., Franca, Ticiana Nascimento., Cunha, Bernardo Melo., Albernaz Mattos Tavares, Danielle Valadao., Brito, Marilene Farias. Spontaneous poisoning by Leucaena leucocephala in a goat from Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil . ciencia rural, 2008, vol. 38, no. 2, p. 551–555. DOI: 10.1590/S0103-84782008000200044. [DOI link]

Study relevance:

Animal (target species) health
Plant part:

Aerial part of plants (as part-nature) (A166F)
Type of toxicological test:

case report (CHD060TT)
Tested organism:

Goat (as animal) (A057P)
Route of exposure:

ORAL: FEED (OECD2230PL)
Number of organisms dosed:

200
Control groups used:

no
Endpoint measured:

Dose not reported (CHD066EP)
Critical effect:

Other toxicities (TOX19A)
Target tissue:

Glandular (TT003A)
Effect description:

Hair loss, skin alteratione and folicular atrophy including thiroid gland
Effect or parameter linked to the endpoint:

body weight (CHD005BE)
Internal remarks:

Hair loss, skin alteratione and folicular atrophy including thiroid gland

Endpoint study #3: Fayemi, P. O., Onwuka, C. F., I., Isah, O. A., Jegede, A., V., Arigbede, O. M., Muchenje, V. Effects of mimosine and tannin toxicity on rabbits fed processed Leucaena leucocephala (Lam) De Wit. leaves . african journal of agricultural research, 2011, vol. 6, no. 17, p. 4081–4085. .

Study relevance:

Animal (target species) health
Substance:

Tannins (RF-00004337-PAR)
Plant part:

Leaves (as part-nature) (A0EKT)
Preparation/Extraction method:

Drying (dehydration) (A07KG)
Additional plant/substance description:

sun dried leaves
Type of toxicological test:

subchronic (CHD013TT)
Guideline:

OTHER GUIDELINE (OECD2246PL)
Tested organism:

Rabbit (as animal) (A057T)
Sex:

No data
Route of exposure:

ORAL: FEED (OECD2230PL)
Exposure duration:

16.0
Unit of exposure duration:

Week (G205A)
Number of organisms dosed:

4
Endpoint measured:

Dose level (CHD014EP)
Concentration unit:

Percent (G138A)
Effect concentration:

20
Critical effect:

HEPATOTOXICITY (TOX02A)
Target tissue:

digestive: Liver (TT023A)
Effect description:

Rabbits fed diets containing 20% sun dried leaves had alopaecia, necrotic spots, liver congestion, edema and mortality. Diets containing more than 1% of mimosine and tannin caused the growth performance and had deleterious effects.
Effect or parameter linked to the endpoint:

mortality (CHD010BE)
Internal remarks:

Hepatotoxicity and antinutritional effect

Endpoint study #4: Bhatia, Harpreet., Manhas, R. K., Kumar, Kewal., Magotra, Rani. Traditional knowledge on poisonous plants of Udhampur district of Jammu and Kashmir, India . journal of ethnopharmacology, 2014, vol. 152, no. 1, p. 207–216. DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2013.12.058. [DOI link]

Study relevance:

Animal (target species) health
Plant part:

Leaves (as part-nature) (A0EKT)
Type of toxicological test:

other (CHD008TT)
Tested organism:

Cattle (as animal) (A057E)
Sex:

No data
Route of exposure:

ORAL: UNSPECIFIED (OECD2234PL)
Control groups used:

no data
Endpoint measured:

Dose not reported (CHD066EP)
Critical effect:

MUSCLO-SKELETAL (TOX13A)
Target tissue:

Skin/subcutis (TT056A)
Effect description:

Animals fed solely on it for prolonged duration develop skin allergy (Pruritus) leading to loss of body hair resulting in bare patches. There is also decline in feed intake, poor weight gain and weakening of bones.
Effect or parameter linked to the endpoint:

body weight (CHD005BE)
Internal remarks:

Animals fed solely on it for prolonged duration develop skin allergy (Pruritus) leading to loss of body hair resulting in bare patches. There is also decline in feed intake, poor weight gain and weakening of bones.