EFSA Compendium of Botanicals

Draft - work in progress

Bottle gourd (as plant) // Lagenaria siceraria (Molina) Standl.

Family:: Cucurbitaceae
Approval state:: Approved
Number of articles retrieved:: 1188
Number of processed references:: 8

Compositions

#1: Oxalates #2: Phytic acid #3: Saponins #4: Hydrocyanic acid #5: gallic acid (RF-00003821-PAR) #6: Alkaloids #7: Saponins #8: periplogenin (RF-00003535-PAR) #9: Cucurbitacine B (wild bitter fruit). #10: Cucurbitacine B (wild bitter vegetative part).

Endpoint Studies

#1: cucurbitacins - severe upper abdominal pain, multiple episodes of vomiting and fresh blood in vomitus, weak pulse #2: Fruits: Systemic changes: Haemorrhage in various organs, enteritis, pulmonary emphysema leading to death after 10 days. #3: Leaves: Systemic changes: Haemorrhage in various organs, enteritis, pulmonary emphysema leading to death after 3 or 5 days. #4: Seeds: Systemic changes: Haemorrhage in various organs, enteritis, pulmonary emphysema leading to death after 7 or 10 days. #5: Seeds: Systemic changes: Haemorrhage in various organs, enteritis, pulmonary emphysema leading to death after 5 or 7 days. #6: alpha-glucosidase inhibition #7: Nausea, sudden onset of diarrhea (watery or bloody), vomiting developing to hematemesis. First symptoms developed 3 to 25 min after ingestion. Recovery after 3-5 days.

Genotoxicity

Composition #1: Badifu, G. I. O. Effect of Processing on Proximate Composition, Antinutritional and Toxic Contents of Kernels from Cucurbitaceae Species Grown in Nigeria. journal of food composition and analysis, 2001, p. 153–161. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Seed (as part-nature) (A066P)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Substance:

Oxalates (RF-00004308-PAR)
Analytical method code:

Traditional analytical techniques (wet chemical tests) (F003A)
Result unit:

Percent (G138A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

8
Internal remarks:

Oxalates

Composition #2: Badifu, G. I. O. Effect of Processing on Proximate Composition, Antinutritional and Toxic Contents of Kernels from Cucurbitaceae Species Grown in Nigeria. journal of food composition and analysis, 2001, p. 153–161. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Seed (as part-nature) (A066P)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Substance:

phytic acid (RF-00000363-NTR)
Analytical method code:

Traditional analytical techniques (wet chemical tests) (F003A)
Result unit:

Milligram/gram (G060A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

4
Internal remarks:

Phytic acid

Composition #3: Badifu, G. I. O. Effect of Processing on Proximate Composition, Antinutritional and Toxic Contents of Kernels from Cucurbitaceae Species Grown in Nigeria. journal of food composition and analysis, 2001, p. 153–161. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Seed (as part-nature) (A066P)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Substance:

Saponins (RF-00004333-PAR)
Analytical method code:

Traditional analytical techniques (wet chemical tests) (F003A)
Result unit:

Percent (G138A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

4
Internal remarks:

Saponins

Composition #4: Badifu, G. I. O. Effect of Processing on Proximate Composition, Antinutritional and Toxic Contents of Kernels from Cucurbitaceae Species Grown in Nigeria. journal of food composition and analysis, 2001, p. 153–161. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Seed (as part-nature) (A066P)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Substance:

Hydrocyanic acid (RF-00000333-TOX)
Analytical method code:

Traditional analytical techniques (wet chemical tests) (F003A)
Result unit:

Milligram/100 gram (G057A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

12
Internal remarks:

Hydrocyanic acid

Composition #5: Sulaiman, Shaida Fariza., Ooi, Kheng Leong., Supriatno. Antioxidant and alpha-glucosidase inhibitory activities of cucurbit fruit vegetables and identification of active and major constituents from phenolic-rich extracts of Lagenaria siceraria and Sechium edule.. Journal of agricultural and food chemistry, 2013, vol. 61, no. 42, p. 10080–90. DOI: 10.1021/jf4031037. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Fruit unspecified (as part-nature) (A067D)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Drying (dehydration) (A07KG)
Additional extraction description:

dried fruit was successively extracted with dichloromethane, ethyl acetate, and methanol
Substance:

gallic acid (RF-00003821-PAR)
Analytical method code:

Colorimetry, Spectroscopy (Spectrometry) and Photometry (F008A)
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

gallic acid (RF-00003821-PAR)

Composition #6: Ojiako, O. A., Igwe, C. U. Nutritional and anti-nutritional compositions of Cleome rutidosperma, Lagenaria siceraria, and Cucurbita maxima seeds from Nigeria . journal of medicinal food, 2007, vol. 10, no. 4, p. 735–738. DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2007.625. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Seed (as part-nature) (A066P)
Substance:

Alkaloids (RF-00004360-PAR)
Analytical method code:

Phytochemical screening (F604A)
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

Alkaloids

Composition #7: Ojiako, O. A., Igwe, C. U. Nutritional and anti-nutritional compositions of Cleome rutidosperma, Lagenaria siceraria, and Cucurbita maxima seeds from Nigeria . journal of medicinal food, 2007, vol. 10, no. 4, p. 735–738. DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2007.625. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Seed (as part-nature) (A066P)
Substance:

Saponins (RF-00004333-PAR)
Analytical method code:

Phytochemical screening (F604A)
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

Saponins

Composition #8: Panda, S., Kar, A. Periplogenin, Isolated from Lagenaria siceraria, Ameliorates L-T-4-induced Hyperthyroidism and Associated Cardiovascular Problems. HORMONE AND METABOLIC RESEARCH, 2011, vol. 43, no. 3, p. 188–193. DOI: 10.1055/s-0031-1271621. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Fruit unspecified (as part-nature) (A067D)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Drying (dehydration) (A07KG)
Additional extraction description:

powdered, extracted with 70 % ethanol
Substance:

periplogenin (RF-00003535-PAR)
Analytical method code:

Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) (F061A)
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

periplogenin (RF-00003535-PAR)

Composition #9: Kumbhalkar, Bhagyashri., Tamhankar, Shubhada., Upadhye, Anuradha. Development of a High-Performance Thin-Layer Chromatographic Method for Quantification of Cucurbitacin B in Bottle Gourd (Lagenaria siceraria) for Quality Control . jpc-journal of planar chromatography-modern tlc, 2015, vol. 28, no. 4, p. 294–299. DOI: 10.1556/1006.2015.28.4.5. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Fruit unspecified (as part-nature) (A067D)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

methanol
Substance:

cucurbitacin B (RF-00004232-PAR)
Analytical method code:

High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC)/Liquid Chromatography (LC) (F018A)
Analytical method - additional description:

HPLC-densitometric method
Result unit:

Percent (G138A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

0.062
Internal remarks:

Cucurbitacine B (wild bitter fruit).

Composition #10: Kumbhalkar, Bhagyashri., Tamhankar, Shubhada., Upadhye, Anuradha. Development of a High-Performance Thin-Layer Chromatographic Method for Quantification of Cucurbitacin B in Bottle Gourd (Lagenaria siceraria) for Quality Control . jpc-journal of planar chromatography-modern tlc, 2015, vol. 28, no. 4, p. 294–299. DOI: 10.1556/1006.2015.28.4.5. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Aerial part of plants (as part-nature) (A166F)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

methanol
Substance:

cucurbitacin B (RF-00004232-PAR)
Analytical method code:

High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC)/Liquid Chromatography (LC) (F018A)
Analytical method - additional description:

HPLC-densitometric method
Result unit:

Percent (G138A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

0.017
Internal remarks:

Cucurbitacine B (wild bitter vegetative part).

Endpoint study #1: Verma A., Jaiswal S. Bottle gourd (Lagenaria siceraria) juice poisoning.. World journal of emergency medicine, 2015, vol. 6, no. 4, p. 308–9. DOI: 10.5847/wjem.j.1920-8642.2015.04.011. [DOI link]

Study relevance:

Human health
Substance:

cucurbitacins (RF-00004352-PAR)
Plant part:

Fruit unspecified (as part-nature) (A067D)
Preparation/Extraction method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Type of toxicological test:

acute toxicity (CHD016TT)
Tested organism:

Human (as organism) (A056J)
Sex:

Female
Route of exposure:

ORAL: DRINKING WATER (OECD2229PL)
Number of organisms dosed:

1
Endpoint measured:

Dose not reported (CHD066EP)
Critical effect:

Digestive (TOX18A)
Target tissue:

Digestive (TT002A)
Effect description:

severe upper abdominal pain, multiple episodes of vomiting and fresh blood in vomitus, weak pulse
Effect or parameter linked to the endpoint:

other (CHD003BE)
Internal remarks:

cucurbitacins - severe upper abdominal pain, multiple episodes of vomiting and fresh blood in vomitus, weak pulse

Endpoint study #2: Barri, M.E.S., Onsa, T.O., Elawad, A.A., Elsayed, N.Y., Wasfi, I.A., Abdul Bari, E.M., Adam, S.E.I. Toxicity of five Sudanese plants to young ruminants. Journal of Comparative Pathology, 1983, vol. 93, no. 4, p. 559–575. DOI: 10.1016/0021-9975(83)90063-4. [DOI link]

Study relevance:

Animal (target species) health
Plant part:

Fruit unspecified (as part-nature) (A067D)
Preparation/Extraction method:

Fresh (A166Y)
Type of toxicological test:

short-term toxicity (CHD017TT)
Tested organism:

Goat (as animal) (A057P)
Sex:

Male
Route of exposure:

ORAL: GAVAGE (OECD2231PL)
Exposure duration:

27.0
Unit of exposure duration:

Day (G134A)
Number of organisms dosed:

2
Control groups used:

yes
Endpoint measured:

Concentration level (CHD013EP)
Concentration unit:

Gram/kilogram (G015A)
Effect concentration:

1
Critical effect:

SYSTEMIC (TOX01A)
Target tissue:

Digestive (TT002A)
Effect description:

Systemic changes: Haemorrhage in various organs, enteritis, pulmonary emphysema leading to death after 10 days.
Effect or parameter linked to the endpoint:

mortality (CHD010BE)
Internal remarks:

Fruits: Systemic changes: Haemorrhage in various organs, enteritis, pulmonary emphysema leading to death after 10 days.

Endpoint study #3: Barri, M.E.S., Onsa, T.O., Elawad, A.A., Elsayed, N.Y., Wasfi, I.A., Abdul Bari, E.M., Adam, S.E.I. Toxicity of five Sudanese plants to young ruminants. Journal of Comparative Pathology, 1983, vol. 93, no. 4, p. 559–575. DOI: 10.1016/0021-9975(83)90063-4. [DOI link]

Study relevance:

Animal (target species) health
Plant part:

Leaves (as part-nature) (A0EKT)
Preparation/Extraction method:

Drying (dehydration) (A07KG)
Type of toxicological test:

short-term toxicity (CHD017TT)
Tested organism:

Goat (as animal) (A057P)
Sex:

Male
Route of exposure:

ORAL: GAVAGE (OECD2231PL)
Exposure duration:

5.0
Unit of exposure duration:

Day (G134A)
Number of organisms dosed:

2
Control groups used:

yes
Endpoint measured:

Concentration level (CHD013EP)
Concentration unit:

Gram/kilogram (G015A)
Effect concentration:

5
Critical effect:

SYSTEMIC (TOX01A)
Target tissue:

Digestive (TT002A)
Effect description:

Systemic changes: Haemorrhage in various organs, enteritis, pulmonary emphysema leading to death after 3 or 5 days
Effect or parameter linked to the endpoint:

mortality (CHD010BE)
Internal remarks:

Leaves: Systemic changes: Haemorrhage in various organs, enteritis, pulmonary emphysema leading to death after 3 or 5 days.

Endpoint study #4: Barri, M.E.S., Onsa, T.O., Elawad, A.A., Elsayed, N.Y., Wasfi, I.A., Abdul Bari, E.M., Adam, S.E.I. Toxicity of five Sudanese plants to young ruminants. Journal of Comparative Pathology, 1983, vol. 93, no. 4, p. 559–575. DOI: 10.1016/0021-9975(83)90063-4. [DOI link]

Study relevance:

Animal (target species) health
Plant part:

Seed (as part-nature) (A066P)
Preparation/Extraction method:

Drying (dehydration) (A07KG)
Type of toxicological test:

short-term toxicity (CHD017TT)
Tested organism:

Goat (as animal) (A057P)
Sex:

Male
Route of exposure:

ORAL: GAVAGE (OECD2231PL)
Exposure duration:

10.0
Unit of exposure duration:

Day (G134A)
Number of organisms dosed:

2
Control groups used:

yes
Endpoint measured:

Concentration level (CHD013EP)
Concentration unit:

Gram/kilogram (G015A)
Effect concentration:

1
Critical effect:

SYSTEMIC (TOX01A)
Target tissue:

Digestive (TT002A)
Effect description:

Systemic changes: Haemorrhage in various organs, enteritis, pulmonary emphysema leading to death after 7 or 10 days
Effect or parameter linked to the endpoint:

mortality (CHD010BE)
Internal remarks:

Seeds: Systemic changes: Haemorrhage in various organs, enteritis, pulmonary emphysema leading to death after 7 or 10 days.

Endpoint study #5: Barri, M.E.S., Onsa, T.O., Elawad, A.A., Elsayed, N.Y., Wasfi, I.A., Abdul Bari, E.M., Adam, S.E.I. Toxicity of five Sudanese plants to young ruminants. Journal of Comparative Pathology, 1983, vol. 93, no. 4, p. 559–575. DOI: 10.1016/0021-9975(83)90063-4. [DOI link]

Study relevance:

Animal (target species) health
Plant part:

Fruit unspecified (as part-nature) (A067D)
Preparation/Extraction method:

Drying (dehydration) (A07KG)
Additional plant/substance description:

powdered dried pulp
Type of toxicological test:

short-term toxicity (CHD017TT)
Tested organism:

Goat (as animal) (A057P)
Sex:

Male
Route of exposure:

ORAL: GAVAGE (OECD2231PL)
Exposure duration:

7.0
Unit of exposure duration:

Day (G134A)
Number of organisms dosed:

2
Control groups used:

yes
Endpoint measured:

Concentration level (CHD013EP)
Concentration unit:

Gram/kilogram (G015A)
Effect concentration:

1
Critical effect:

SYSTEMIC (TOX01A)
Target tissue:

Digestive (TT002A)
Effect description:

Systemic changes: Haemorrhage in various organs, enteritis, pulmonary emphysema leading to death after 5 or 7 days
Effect or parameter linked to the endpoint:

mortality (CHD010BE)
Internal remarks:

Seeds: Systemic changes: Haemorrhage in various organs, enteritis, pulmonary emphysema leading to death after 5 or 7 days.

Endpoint study #6: Sulaiman, Shaida Fariza., Ooi, Kheng Leong., Supriatno. Antioxidant and alpha-glucosidase inhibitory activities of cucurbit fruit vegetables and identification of active and major constituents from phenolic-rich extracts of Lagenaria siceraria and Sechium edule.. Journal of agricultural and food chemistry, 2013, vol. 61, no. 42, p. 10080–90. DOI: 10.1021/jf4031037. [DOI link]

Study relevance:

Human health
Plant part:

Fruit unspecified (as part-nature) (A067D)
Preparation/Extraction method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional plant/substance description:

different types of extracts
Type of toxicological test:

in vitro (CHD061TT)
Endpoint measured:

Enzyme inhibition (CHD067EP)
Concentration unit:

Percent (G138A)
Effect concentration:

26.44-61.25
Critical effect:

Digestive (TOX18A)
Target tissue:

Digestive (TT002A)
Effect description:

alpha-glucosidase inhibition
Effect or parameter linked to the endpoint:

enzyme inhibition (CHD032BE)
Internal remarks:

alpha-glucosidase inhibition

Endpoint study #7: Ho, Cynthia H., Ho, Michael G., Ho, Shin-Pin., Ho, Helen H. BITTER BOTTLE GOURD (LAGENARIA SICERARIA) TOXICITY. journal of emergency medicine, 2014, vol. 46, no. 6, p. 772–775. DOI: 10.1016/j.jemermed.2013.08.106. [DOI link]

Study relevance:

Human health
Substance:

cucurbitacins (RF-00004352-PAR)
Plant part:

Fruit unspecified (as part-nature) (A067D)
Preparation/Extraction method:

Thermal treatment (heating for preservation) (A07HR)
Additional plant/substance description:

Curcubitacin B, D, G and H
Type of toxicological test:

case report (CHD060TT)
Tested organism:

Human (as organism) (A056J)
Sex:

Male/Female
Route of exposure:

ORAL: UNSPECIFIED (OECD2234PL)
Number of organisms dosed:

5
Control groups used:

no
Endpoint measured:

Dose not reported (CHD066EP)
Critical effect:

Digestive (TOX18A)
Target tissue:

Digestive (TT002A)
Effect description:

Nausea, sudden onset of diarrhea (watery or bloody), vomiting developing to hematemesis.
Effect or parameter linked to the endpoint:

other (CHD003BE)
Internal remarks:

Nausea, sudden onset of diarrhea (watery or bloody), vomiting developing to hematemesis. First symptoms developed 3 to 25 min after ingestion. Recovery after 3-5 days.