EFSA Compendium of Botanicals

Draft - work in progress

Khaya senegalensis (Desv.) A.Juss.

Family:: Meliaceae
Approval state:: Approved
Number of articles retrieved:: 458
Number of processed references:: 7

Compositions

#1: Tannins #2: Saponins #3: Anthracene derivatives #4: Alkaloids #5: Cardiac glycosides #6: Tannins #7: Cyanogenic glycosides

Endpoint Studies

#1: hepatotoxicity #2: nephrotoxicity #3: Reduced relative kidney weight and adverse effect on kidney function #4: Diarrhoea, general weakness, vomiting mentioned reported as adverse effect after oral intake #5: Leaves may adversely affect the liver (absolute weight and liver function (liver enzymes). #6: Leaves may adversely affect the kidney (absolute weight), and clinical chemistry

Genotoxicity

Composition #1: Agossou, Esse., Ahokpe, Melanie., Behanzin, Justin., Takin, Marcellin., Yessoufou, Ganiou., Zohoun, Loica., Baba-Moussa, Lamine., Sezan, Alphonse. Effect of the ethanolic extract of Khaya senegalensis on some biochemical parameters on rabbit's in glucose overload condition. american journal of plant sciences, 2015, p. 240–248. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Bark (as part-nature) (A066X)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

ethanol 96%
Substance:

Tannins (RF-00004337-PAR)
Analytical method code:

Phytochemical screening (F604A)
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

Tannins

Composition #2: Agossou, Esse., Ahokpe, Melanie., Behanzin, Justin., Takin, Marcellin., Yessoufou, Ganiou., Zohoun, Loica., Baba-Moussa, Lamine., Sezan, Alphonse. Effect of the ethanolic extract of Khaya senegalensis on some biochemical parameters on rabbit's in glucose overload condition. american journal of plant sciences, 2015, p. 240–248. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Bark (as part-nature) (A066X)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

ethanol 96%
Substance:

Saponins (RF-00004333-PAR)
Analytical method code:

Phytochemical screening (F604A)
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

Saponins

Composition #3: Agossou, Esse., Ahokpe, Melanie., Behanzin, Justin., Takin, Marcellin., Yessoufou, Ganiou., Zohoun, Loica., Baba-Moussa, Lamine., Sezan, Alphonse. Effect of the ethanolic extract of Khaya senegalensis on some biochemical parameters on rabbit's in glucose overload condition. american journal of plant sciences, 2015, p. 240–248. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Bark (as part-nature) (A066X)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

ethanol 96%
Substance:

anthracene derivatives (RF-00004342-PAR)
Analytical method code:

Phytochemical screening (F604A)
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

Anthracene derivatives

Composition #4: Nwosu, C.O., Yahayah, K., Igbokwe, I.O. Toxicity and anticoccidial efficacy of some plants used in the traditional treatment of avian coccidiosis in semi-arid northeastern Nigeria. research journal of parasitology, 2011, vol. 6, no. 1, p. 18–30. DOI: 10.3923/jp.2011.18.30. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Bark (as part-nature) (A066X)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

Water
Substance:

Alkaloids (RF-00004360-PAR)
Analytical method code:

Phytochemical screening (F604A)
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

Alkaloids

Composition #5: Nwosu, C.O., Yahayah, K., Igbokwe, I.O. Toxicity and anticoccidial efficacy of some plants used in the traditional treatment of avian coccidiosis in semi-arid northeastern Nigeria. research journal of parasitology, 2011, vol. 6, no. 1, p. 18–30. DOI: 10.3923/jp.2011.18.30. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Bark (as part-nature) (A066X)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

Water
Substance:

cardiac glycosides (RF-00010823-PAR)
Analytical method code:

Phytochemical screening (F604A)
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

Cardiac glycosides

Composition #6: Nwosu, C.O., Yahayah, K., Igbokwe, I.O. Toxicity and anticoccidial efficacy of some plants used in the traditional treatment of avian coccidiosis in semi-arid northeastern Nigeria. research journal of parasitology, 2011, vol. 6, no. 1, p. 18–30. DOI: 10.3923/jp.2011.18.30. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Bark (as part-nature) (A066X)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

Water
Substance:

Tannins (RF-00004337-PAR)
Analytical method code:

Phytochemical screening (F604A)
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

Tannins

Composition #7: Lalèyè, O.A.F., Ahissou, H., Olounladé, A.P., Azando, V.B.E., Dansou, C., Lalèyè, A. Phytochemical screening and evaluation of antihyperglycemic, antiradical and acute oral toxicty activities of aqueous extract of stem bark of khaya senegalensis A. Juss (meliaceae) from Benin. international journal of pharmacognosy and phytochemical research, 2015, vol. 7, no. 3, p. 513–518. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Bark (as part-nature) (A066X)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Drying (dehydration) (A07KG)
Substance:

Cyanogenic glycosides (RF-00004375-PAR)
Analytical method code:

Phytochemical screening (F604A)
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

Cyanogenic glycosides

Endpoint study #1: Kolawole, S.O., Kolawole, O.T., Akanji, M.A. Effects of aqueous extract of Khaya senegalensis stem bark on biochemical and hematological parameters in rats. Journal of Pharmacology and Toxicology, 2011, vol. 6, no. 6, p. 602–607. DOI: 10.3923/jpt.2011.602.607. [DOI link]

Study relevance:

Human health
Plant part:

Bark (as part-nature) (A066X)
Preparation/Extraction method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional plant/substance description:

Aqueous extraction
Type of toxicological test:

short-term toxicity (CHD017TT)
Tested organism:

Rat (as animal) (A0CNV)
Strain of test organism:

Wistar (CHD013ST)
Sex:

No data
Exposure duration:

21.0
Unit of exposure duration:

Day (G134A)
Number of organisms dosed:

20
Control groups used:

yes
Endpoint measured:

Concentration level (CHD013EP)
Concentration unit:

Milligrams per kilogram body weight per day (G211A)
Effect concentration:

100
Critical effect:

HEPATOTOXICITY (TOX02A)
Target tissue:

digestive: Liver (TT023A)
Effect description:

Adverse effects on liver: significant increase of AST, ALT and ALP levels in blood plasma.
Effect or parameter linked to the endpoint:

haematology (CHD023BE)
Internal remarks:

hepatotoxicity

Endpoint study #2: Kolawole, S.O., Kolawole, O.T., Akanji, M.A. Effects of aqueous extract of Khaya senegalensis stem bark on biochemical and hematological parameters in rats. Journal of Pharmacology and Toxicology, 2011, vol. 6, no. 6, p. 602–607. DOI: 10.3923/jpt.2011.602.607. [DOI link]

Study relevance:

Human health
Plant part:

Bark (as part-nature) (A066X)
Preparation/Extraction method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional plant/substance description:

Aqueous extraction
Type of toxicological test:

short-term toxicity (CHD017TT)
Tested organism:

Rat (as animal) (A0CNV)
Strain of test organism:

Wistar (CHD013ST)
Sex:

No data
Exposure duration:

21.0
Unit of exposure duration:

Day (G134A)
Number of organisms dosed:

20
Control groups used:

yes
Endpoint measured:

Concentration level (CHD013EP)
Concentration unit:

Milligrams per kilogram body weight per day (G211A)
Effect concentration:

100
Critical effect:

NEPHROTOXICITY (TOX03A)
Target tissue:

urogenital: Kidneys (TT046A)
Effect description:

Adverse effects on kidney: significant increase of urea levels in blood plasma.
Effect or parameter linked to the endpoint:

haematology (CHD023BE)
Internal remarks:

nephrotoxicity

Endpoint study #3: Adebayo, JO., Yakubu, MT., Egwim, EC., Owoyele, VB., Enaibe, BU. Effect of ethanolic extract of Khaya senegalensis on some biochemical parameters of rat kidney. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY, 2003, vol. 88, no. 1, p. 69–72. DOI: 10.1016/S0378-8741(03)00193-4. [DOI link]

Study relevance:

Human health
Plant part:

Bark (as part-nature) (A066X)
Preparation/Extraction method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional plant/substance description:

EtOH extract
Type of toxicological test:

short-term toxicity (CHD017TT)
Tested organism:

Rat (as animal) (A0CNV)
Sex:

No data
Route of exposure:

ORAL: UNSPECIFIED (OECD2234PL)
Exposure duration:

18.0
Unit of exposure duration:

Day (G134A)
Number of organisms dosed:

15
Control groups used:

yes
Endpoint measured:

Dose level (CHD014EP)
Concentration unit:

Milligrams per kilogram body weight per day (G211A)
Effect concentration:

2
Critical effect:

NEPHROTOXICITY (TOX03A)
Target tissue:

urogenital: Kidneys (TT046A)
Effect description:

Reduced relative kidney weight and adverse effect on kidney function
Effect or parameter linked to the endpoint:

organ weights (CHD012BE)
Internal remarks:

Reduced relative kidney weight and adverse effect on kidney function

Endpoint study #4: Tchacondo, Tchadjobo., Karou, Simplice D., Batawila, Komlan., Agban, Amegninou., Ouro-Bang'na, Kawiwou., Anani, Kokou T., Gbeassor, Mensavi., de Souza, Comlan. HERBAL REMEDIES AND THEIR ADVERSE EFFECTS IN TEM TRIBE TRADITIONAL MEDICINE IN TOGO . african journal of traditional complementary and alternative medicines, 2011, vol. 8, no. 1, p. 45–60. .

Study relevance:

Human health
Plant part:

Bark (as part-nature) (A066X)
Preparation/Extraction method:

Drying (dehydration) (A07KG)
Additional plant/substance description:

Powder
Type of toxicological test:

case report (CHD060TT)
Tested organism:

Human (as organism) (A056J)
Sex:

Male/Female
Route of exposure:

ORAL: UNSPECIFIED (OECD2234PL)
Control groups used:

no
Endpoint measured:

Dose not reported (CHD066EP)
Critical effect:

Digestive (TOX18A)
Target tissue:

Digestive (TT002A)
Effect description:

Diarrhoea, general weakness, vomiting mentioned reported as adverse effect after oral intake
Effect or parameter linked to the endpoint:

other (CHD003BE)
Internal remarks:

Diarrhoea, general weakness, vomiting mentioned reported as adverse effect after oral intake

Endpoint study #5: Abdel-Wareth, A. A. A., Hammad, Seddik., Ahmed, Hassan. EFFECTS OF KHAYA SENEGALENSIS LEAVES ON PERFORMANCE, CARCASS TRAITS, HEMATOLOGICAL AND BIOCHEMICAL PARAMETERS IN RABBITS. EXCLI JOURNAL, 2014, vol. 13, p. 502–512. .

Study relevance:

Human health
Plant part:

Leaves (as part-nature) (A0EKT)
Preparation/Extraction method:

Drying (dehydration) (A07KG)
Type of toxicological test:

short-term toxicity (CHD017TT)
Tested organism:

Rabbit (as animal) (A057T)
Sex:

Male
Route of exposure:

ORAL: FEED (OECD2230PL)
Exposure duration:

25.0
Unit of exposure duration:

Day (G134A)
Number of organisms dosed:

30
Control groups used:

yes
Endpoint measured:

Dose level (CHD014EP)
Concentration unit:

Percent (G138A)
Effect concentration:

35
Critical effect:

HEPATOTOXICITY (TOX02A)
Target tissue:

digestive: Liver (TT023A)
Effect description:

Leaves may adversely affect the liver: All ALT and AST levels in blood plasma were significantly higher than the control group
Effect or parameter linked to the endpoint:

organ weights (CHD012BE)
Internal remarks:

Leaves may adversely affect the liver (absolute weight and liver function (liver enzymes).

Endpoint study #6: Abdel-Wareth, A. A. A., Hammad, Seddik., Ahmed, Hassan. EFFECTS OF KHAYA SENEGALENSIS LEAVES ON PERFORMANCE, CARCASS TRAITS, HEMATOLOGICAL AND BIOCHEMICAL PARAMETERS IN RABBITS. EXCLI JOURNAL, 2014, vol. 13, p. 502–512. .

Study relevance:

Human health
Plant part:

Leaves (as part-nature) (A0EKT)
Preparation/Extraction method:

Drying (dehydration) (A07KG)
Type of toxicological test:

short-term toxicity (CHD017TT)
Tested organism:

Rabbit (as animal) (A057T)
Sex:

Male
Route of exposure:

ORAL: FEED (OECD2230PL)
Exposure duration:

25.0
Unit of exposure duration:

Day (G134A)
Number of organisms dosed:

30
Control groups used:

yes
Endpoint measured:

Dose level (CHD014EP)
Concentration unit:

Percent (G138A)
Effect concentration:

35
Critical effect:

NEPHROTOXICITY (TOX03A)
Target tissue:

urogenital: Kidneys (TT046A)
Effect description:

Leaves may adversely affect the kidney: significant elevation of urea and creatinine levels in blood plasma
Effect or parameter linked to the endpoint:

organ weights (CHD012BE)
Internal remarks:

Leaves may adversely affect the kidney (absolute weight), and clinical chemistry