EFSA Compendium of Botanicals

Draft - work in progress

Jacobaea vulgaris Gaertn. // Senecio jacobaea L.

Family:: Asteraceae
Approval state:: Approved
Number of articles retrieved:: 580
Number of processed references:: 6

Compositions

#1: Pyrrolizidine alkaloids #2: Pyrrolizidine alkaloids (total) #3: Pyrrolizidine alkaloids (total) #4: Pyrrolizidine alkaloids #5: Pyrrolizidine alkaloids

Endpoint Studies

#1: CNS spongy degeneration deriving from hepatotoxicity #2: Hepatotoxicity #3: hepatotoxicity (chicken)

Genotoxicity

#1: Mutagenicity (Ames test positive)

Composition #1: Boppre, Michael., Colegate, Steven M., Edgar, John A., Fischer, Ottmar W. Hepatotoxic pyrrolizidine alkaloids in pollen and drying-related implications for commercial processing of bee pollen. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY, 2008, vol. 56, no. 14, p. 5662–5672. DOI: 10.1021/jf800568u. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Pollen-related (as part-nature) (A0ESK)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

n-hexane
Substance:

Pyrrolizidine alkaloids (RF-00000230-TOX)
Additional substance description:

erucifoline, seneciphylline, senecionine, jacobine, eruciflorine, retrorsine, integerrimine
Substance used for equivalence:

Lasiocarpine-N-oxide (RF-00000289-TOX)
Analytical method code:

HPLC with standard detection methods (F019A)
Result unit:

Microgram/gram (G049A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

100-800
Internal remarks:

Pyrrolizidine alkaloids

Composition #2: Hoogenboom, L. A. P., Mulder, P. P. J., Zeilmaker, M. J., van den Top, H. J., Remmelink, G. J., Brandon, E. F. A., Klijnstra, M., Meijer, G. A. L., Schothorst, R., Van Egmond, H. P. Carry-over of pyrrolizidine alkaloids from feed to milk in dairy cows. food additives and contaminants part a-chemistry analysis control exposure & risk assessment, 2011, vol. 28, no. 3, p. 359–372. DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2010.547521. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Live plants (as part-nature) (A0BA0)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

formic acid
Substance:

Pyrrolizidine alkaloids (RF-00000230-TOX)
Additional substance description:

total pyrrolizidine alkaloids + their N-oxides
Analytical method code:

High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC)/Liquid Chromatography (LC) (F018A)
Analytical method - additional description:

LC-MS/MS
Result unit:

Milligram/kilogram (G061A)
Result expression:

Dry matter (B002A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

2339
Internal remarks:

Pyrrolizidine alkaloids (total)

Composition #3: Bovee, Toine F. H., Helsdingen, Richard J. R., Hoogenboom, Ron L. A. P., de Nijs, Monique W. C. M., Liu, Xiaojie., Vrieling, Klaas., Klinkhamer, Peter G. L., Peijnenburg, Ad A. C. M., Mulder, Patrick P. J. Are effects of common ragwort in the Ames test caused by pyrrolizidine alkaloids? . mutation research-fundamental and molecular mechanisms of mutagenesis, 2015, vol. 778, p. 1–10. DOI: 10.1016/j.mrfmmm.2015.05.006. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Unspecified (A07XD)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

methanol/water/formic acid
Substance:

Pyrrolizidine alkaloids (RF-00000230-TOX)
Analytical method code:

LC-MS/MS (F027A)
Result unit:

Microgram/millilitre (G052A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

74.6-1382.9
Internal remarks:

Pyrrolizidine alkaloids (total)

Composition #4: CRAIG, AM., PEARSON, EG., MEYER, C., SCHMITZ, JA. CLINICOPATHOLOGICAL STUDIES OF TANSY RAGWORT TOXICOSIS IN PONIES - SEQUENTIAL SERUM AND HISTOPATHOLOGICAL CHANGES . journal of equine veterinary science, 1991, vol. 11, no. 5, p. 261–&. DOI: 10.1016/S0737-0806(06)81312-2. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Aerial part of plants (as part-nature) (A166F)
Substance:

Pyrrolizidine alkaloids (RF-00000230-TOX)
Result unit:

Percent (G138A)
Result expression:

Dry matter (B002A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

0.135
Internal remarks:

Pyrrolizidine alkaloids

Composition #5: HUAN, JY., CHEEKE, PR., LOWRY, RR., NAKAUE, HS., SNYDER, SP., WHANGER, PD. DIETARY PYRROLIZIDINE (SENECIO) ALKALOIDS AND TISSUE DISTRIBUTION OF COPPER AND VITAMIN-A IN BROILER-CHICKENS. TOXICOLOGY LETTERS, 1992, vol. 62, no. 2-3, p. 139–153. DOI: 10.1016/0378-4274(92)90017-E. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Aerial part of plants (as part-nature) (A166F)
Substance:

Pyrrolizidine alkaloids (RF-00000230-TOX)
Result unit:

Percent (G138A)
Result expression:

Dry matter (B002A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

0.18
Internal remarks:

Pyrrolizidine alkaloids

Endpoint study #1: Hooper, P.T. Spongy degeneration in the central nervous system of domestic animals - Part III: Occurrence and pathogenesis -Hepatocerebral disease caused by hyperammonaemia. acta neuropathologica, 1975, vol. 31, no. 4, p. 343–351. DOI: 10.1007/BF00687929. [DOI link]

Study relevance:

Animal (target species) health
Plant part:

Live plants (as part-nature) (A0BA0)
Preparation/Extraction method:

Drying (dehydration) (A07KG)
Additional plant/substance description:

"Dried chaffed Senecio ]acobaea which contains hepatotoxic pyrrolizidine alkaloids"
Type of toxicological test:

short-term toxicity (CHD017TT)
Tested organism:

Sheep (as animal) (A057G)
Route of exposure:

ORAL: UNSPECIFIED (OECD2234PL)
Exposure duration:

45.0
Unit of exposure duration:

Day (G134A)
Number of organisms dosed:

5
Endpoint measured:

Dose not reported (CHD066EP)
Critical effect:

HEPATOTOXICITY (TOX02A)
Target tissue:

neurologic: Central Nervous System (TT035A)
Effect description:

CNS spongy degeneration caused by hyperammonaemia
Effect or parameter linked to the endpoint:

mortality (CHD010BE)
Internal remarks:

CNS spongy degeneration deriving from hepatotoxicity

Endpoint study #2: CRAIG, AM., PEARSON, EG., MEYER, C., SCHMITZ, JA. CLINICOPATHOLOGICAL STUDIES OF TANSY RAGWORT TOXICOSIS IN PONIES - SEQUENTIAL SERUM AND HISTOPATHOLOGICAL CHANGES . journal of equine veterinary science, 1991, vol. 11, no. 5, p. 261–&. DOI: 10.1016/S0737-0806(06)81312-2. [DOI link]

Study relevance:

Animal (target species) health
Substance:

Pyrrolizidine alkaloids (RF-00000230-TOX)
Plant part:

Aerial part of plants (as part-nature) (A166F)
Preparation/Extraction method:

Drying (dehydration) (A07KG)
Additional plant/substance description:

hay
Type of toxicological test:

short-term toxicity (CHD017TT)
Tested organism:

Horse (as animal) (A0B9Z)
Sex:

Male/Female
Route of exposure:

ORAL: FEED (OECD2230PL)
Exposure duration:

60.0
Unit of exposure duration:

Day (G134A)
Number of organisms dosed:

6
Control groups used:

yes
Endpoint measured:

Dose not reported (CHD066EP)
Critical effect:

HEPATOTOXICITY (TOX02A)
Target tissue:

digestive: Liver (TT023A)
Effect description:

chronic liver disease, terminal hepatopathy, depresion, anorexia, mortality
Effect or parameter linked to the endpoint:

mortality (CHD010BE)
Internal remarks:

Hepatotoxicity

Endpoint study #3: HUAN, JY., CHEEKE, PR., LOWRY, RR., NAKAUE, HS., SNYDER, SP., WHANGER, PD. DIETARY PYRROLIZIDINE (SENECIO) ALKALOIDS AND TISSUE DISTRIBUTION OF COPPER AND VITAMIN-A IN BROILER-CHICKENS. TOXICOLOGY LETTERS, 1992, vol. 62, no. 2-3, p. 139–153. DOI: 10.1016/0378-4274(92)90017-E. [DOI link]

Study relevance:

Human health
Substance:

Pyrrolizidine alkaloids (RF-00000230-TOX)
Plant part:

Aerial part of plants (as part-nature) (A166F)
Preparation/Extraction method:

Drying (dehydration) (A07KG)
Additional plant/substance description:

hay
Type of toxicological test:

short-term toxicity (CHD017TT)
Tested organism:

Gallus gallus (chicken) (as animal) (A057Z)
Sex:

Male
Route of exposure:

ORAL: FEED (OECD2230PL)
Exposure duration:

28.0
Unit of exposure duration:

Day (G134A)
Number of organisms dosed:

12
Control groups used:

yes
Endpoint measured:

Dose not reported (CHD066EP)
Critical effect:

HEPATOTOXICITY (TOX02A)
Target tissue:

digestive: Liver (TT023A)
Effect description:

Acute liver damage, inhibition of protein synthesis in the liver
Effect or parameter linked to the endpoint:

body weight (CHD005BE)
Internal remarks:

hepatotoxicity (chicken)

Genotox #1: Bovee, Toine F. H., Helsdingen, Richard J. R., Hoogenboom, Ron L. A. P., de Nijs, Monique W. C. M., Liu, Xiaojie., Vrieling, Klaas., Klinkhamer, Peter G. L., Peijnenburg, Ad A. C. M., Mulder, Patrick P. J. Are effects of common ragwort in the Ames test caused by pyrrolizidine alkaloids? . mutation research-fundamental and molecular mechanisms of mutagenesis, 2015, vol. 778, p. 1–10. DOI: 10.1016/j.mrfmmm.2015.05.006. [DOI link]

Study category:

Mutagenicity
Type of toxicological test:

bacterial reverse mutation assay (CHD028TT)
Method type:

in vitro
Tested organism:

Salmonella typhimurium (as organism) (A0CPZ)
Strain of test organism:

TA 98 (CHD029ST)
Endpoint measured:

gene mutation
Is genotoxic:

Positive
Remarks on genotox study:

Positive Ames test outcomes unlikely to be caused by Pyrrolizidine alkaloids, but rather by the flavonoid quercetin
Internal remarks:

Mutagenicity (Ames test positive)
Internal ID:

WOS:000359172500001