EFSA Compendium of Botanicals

Draft - work in progress

Hovenia dulcis Thunb.

Family:: Rhamnaceae
Approval state:: Approved
Number of articles retrieved:: 954
Number of processed references:: 9

Compositions

#1: Saponins (roots) #2: Perlolyrine #3: Saponins hovenidulciosides #4: Isoflavones #5: Chrysophanol #6: Methyl salicylate #7: gallocatechin #8: saponins- hovenidulciosides

Endpoint Studies

#1: Hepatotoxicity, mortality, histopathological findings #2: Neurotoxicity, mortality, histopathological findings #3: Hepatotoxicity

Genotoxicity

Composition #1: Ogihara, Yukio., Inoue, Osamu., Otsuka, Hideaki., Kawai, Kenichi., Tanimura, Takenori., Shibata, Shoji. Droplet counter-current chromatography for the separation of plant products. Journal of Chromatography, 1976, p. 218–223. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Roots and other underground parts (as part-nature) (A067M)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

chloroform, methanol
Substance:

Saponins (RF-00004333-PAR)
Additional substance description:

hovenosides
Analytical method code:

Standard Chromatographic tests (paper- thin layer- and column chromatography) (F016A)
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

Saponins (roots)

Composition #2: Park, Man Ki., Park, Jeong Hill., Kim, Yong Chul., Kim, Kyoung Ho. Study on the alkaloidal component of the seed of Hovenia dulcis. soul taehakkyo yakhak nonmunjip, 1989, p. 41–45. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Seed (as part-nature) (A066P)
Substance:

Perlolyrine (RF-00011122-PAR)
Analytical method code:

Colorimetry, Spectroscopy (Spectrometry) and Photometry (F008A)
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

Perlolyrine

Composition #3: Murakami, Nobutoshi., Ueda, Tomohiko., Yoshikawa, Masayuki., Matsuda, Hisashi., Yamahara, Johji., Saito, Masayuki., Tanaka, Takaharu. Histamine release inhibitory and alcohol induced muscle relaxation inhibitory constituents from Hoveniae Semen Seu Fructus. Absolute structure of methyl-migrated 16,17-seco-dammarane triterpene glycosides, hovenidulciosides. tennen yuki kagobutsu toronkai koen yoshishu, 1995, p. 397–402. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Fruit unspecified (as part-nature) (A067D)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

MeOH
Substance:

Saponins (RF-00004333-PAR)
Additional substance description:

hovenidulciosides
Analytical method code:

Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) (F061A)
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

Saponins hovenidulciosides

Composition #4: Jiang, Bo-quan., Hu, Shu-fen., Fan, Jie-ping., Mei, Xin-dong. Separation of total isoflavones from Hovenia dulcis by microwave-assisted leaching method under pressure. nanchang daxue xuebao, gongkeban, 2010, p. 1–5. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Unspecified (A07XD)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

microwave assisted extraction
Substance:

isoflavones (RF-00004359-PAR)
Analytical method code:

Unspecified (F598A)
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

Isoflavones

Composition #5: Wu, Long-huo., Zhang, Jian. The chemical constituents of Hovenia dulcis Thunb. shizhen guoyi guoyao, 2013, p. 1028–1029. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Unspecified (A07XD)
Additional extraction description:

unspecified
Substance:

chrysophanol (RF-00003737-PAR)
Analytical method code:

Colorimetry, Spectroscopy (Spectrometry) and Photometry (F008A)
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

Chrysophanol

Composition #6: Ishida, Haruka., Imayoshi, Yuriko., Osaki, Kazuhiko. Volatile components of Hovenia dulcis Thunberg. koryo, 2014, p. 57–62. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Flower (as part-nature) (A067B)
Additional extraction description:

unspecified
Substance:

methyl salicylate (RF-00003930-PAR)
Analytical method code:

GC-MS (F046A)
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

Methyl salicylate

Composition #7: Yoshikawa, M., Murakami, T., Ueda, T., Matsuda, H., Yamahara, J., Murakami, N. Bioactive saponins and glycosides .4. Four methyl-migrated 16,17-seco-dammarane triterpene glycosides from Chinese natural medicine, Hoveniae Semen Seu Fructus, the seeds and fruit of Hovenia dulcis Thunb: Absolute stereostructures and inhibitory activity on histamine release of hovenidulciosides A(1), A(2), B-1, and B-2. CHEMICAL & PHARMACEUTICAL BULLETIN, 1996, vol. 44, no. 9, p. 1736–1743. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Aerial part of plants (as part-nature) (A166F)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

Methanol
Substance:

gallocatechin (RF-00003822-PAR)
Analytical method code:

Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) (F061A)
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

gallocatechin

Composition #8: Yoshikawa, M., Murakami, T., Ueda, T., Matsuda, H., Yamahara, J., Murakami, N. Bioactive saponins and glycosides .4. Four methyl-migrated 16,17-seco-dammarane triterpene glycosides from Chinese natural medicine, Hoveniae Semen Seu Fructus, the seeds and fruit of Hovenia dulcis Thunb: Absolute stereostructures and inhibitory activity on histamine release of hovenidulciosides A(1), A(2), B-1, and B-2. CHEMICAL & PHARMACEUTICAL BULLETIN, 1996, vol. 44, no. 9, p. 1736–1743. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Aerial part of plants (as part-nature) (A166F)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

Methanol
Substance:

Saponins (RF-00004333-PAR)
Analytical method code:

Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) (F061A)
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

saponins- hovenidulciosides

Endpoint study #1: Bernardi F., Possa MG., Faccin M., Gruchouskei L., Fonseca-Alves CE., Pipole F., de Carvalho LR., Elias F. Spontaneous poisoning by Hovenia dulcis in dairy cattle in Southwest Parana,Brazil.. Tropical animal health and production, 2016, vol. 48, no. 1, p. 211–4. DOI: 10.1007/s11250-015-0918-0. [DOI link]

Study relevance:

Animal (target species) health
Plant part:

Aerial part of plants (as part-nature) (A166F)
Preparation/Extraction method:

Fresh (A166Y)
Additional plant/substance description:

fruit and leaves
Type of toxicological test:

case report (CHD060TT)
Tested organism:

Cattle (as animal) (A057E)
Sex:

No data
Route of exposure:

ORAL: FEED (OECD2230PL)
Number of organisms dosed:

3
Control groups used:

no data
Endpoint measured:

Dose not reported (CHD066EP)
Critical effect:

Digestive (TOX18A)
Target tissue:

digestive: Liver (TT023A)
Effect description:

The animals showed severe diarrhea, anorexia, ruminal atony; mild to diffuse, multifocal hepatic lesions of centrilobular mid-zonal degeneration and necrosis; liver sinusoids and blood vessel diffuse congestion.
Effect or parameter linked to the endpoint:

mortality (CHD010BE)
Internal remarks:

Hepatotoxicity, mortality, histopathological findings

Endpoint study #2: Bernardi F., Possa MG., Faccin M., Gruchouskei L., Fonseca-Alves CE., Pipole F., de Carvalho LR., Elias F. Spontaneous poisoning by Hovenia dulcis in dairy cattle in Southwest Parana,Brazil.. Tropical animal health and production, 2016, vol. 48, no. 1, p. 211–4. DOI: 10.1007/s11250-015-0918-0. [DOI link]

Study relevance:

Animal (target species) health
Plant part:

Aerial part of plants (as part-nature) (A166F)
Preparation/Extraction method:

Fresh (A166Y)
Additional plant/substance description:

fruit and leaves
Type of toxicological test:

case report (CHD060TT)
Tested organism:

Cattle (as animal) (A057E)
Sex:

No data
Route of exposure:

ORAL: FEED (OECD2230PL)
Number of organisms dosed:

3
Control groups used:

no data
Endpoint measured:

Dose not reported (CHD066EP)
Critical effect:

NEUROTOXICITY (TOX04A)
Target tissue:

neurologic: Brain (TT034A)
Effect description:

The animals showed head turn, head pressing, blindness, ataxia, and circling; histological analyses showed discrete multifocal hemorrhagic areas in the gray matter, increased cellularity in the neuropil, and marked multifocal neuronal necrosis
Effect or parameter linked to the endpoint:

mortality (CHD010BE)
Internal remarks:

Neurotoxicity, mortality, histopathological findings

Endpoint study #3: Kim, Yun Ji., 정혜림., Ryu, Seung Lok., Shim, Jae Won., Kim, Duk Soo., 심정연., 박문수. A Pediatric Case of Toxic Hepatitis Induced by Hovenia Dulcis. Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition, 2012, vol. 15, no. 2, p. 111–116. .

Study relevance:

Human health
Plant part:

Unspecified (A07XD)
Preparation/Extraction method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional plant/substance description:

boiling water
Type of toxicological test:

case report (CHD060TT)
Tested organism:

Human (as organism) (A056J)
Sex:

Male
Route of exposure:

ORAL: DRINKING WATER (OECD2229PL)
Exposure duration:

1.0
Unit of exposure duration:

Year (G207A)
Number of organisms dosed:

1
Control groups used:

no
Endpoint measured:

Dose not reported (CHD066EP)
Critical effect:

HEPATOTOXICITY (TOX02A)
Target tissue:

digestive: Liver (TT023A)
Effect description:

He complained of nausea, abdominal discomfort, and jaundice; Histological examination showed severe hepatocytic degeneration; some cholestasis; periportal fibrosis etc which indicate toxic hepatitis
Effect or parameter linked to the endpoint:

histopathology neoplastic (CHD024BE)
Internal remarks:

Hepatotoxicity