EFSA Compendium of Botanicals

Draft - work in progress

Holarrhena pubescens Wall. ex G.Don // Holarrhena antidysenterica (G.Don) Wall. ex A.DC.

Family:: Apocynaceae
Approval state:: Approved
Number of articles retrieved:: 814
Number of processed references:: 14

Endpoint Studies

#1: 30% mortality in mice #2: Neurotoxicity in mice #3: dose dependent depressant activity in mice #4: α-glucosidase inhibitory activity (IC50 0.52 mg/ml) (seeds)

Genotoxicity

Composition #1: Prochazka, Zelimir., Labler, Ludvik., Kotasek, Zdenek. Steroids. XIII. Paper chromatography of steroid amines. collection of czechoslovak chemical communications, 1954, vol. 19, p. 1258–63. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Live plants (as part-nature) (A0BA0)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Substance:

solanidine (RF-00010967-PAR)
Analytical method - additional description:

liquid-liquid separation, TLC chromatography
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

solanidine in the plant

Composition #2: Prochazka, Zelimir., Labler, Ludvik., Kotasek, Zdenek. Steroids. XIII. Paper chromatography of steroid amines. collection of czechoslovak chemical communications, 1954, vol. 19, p. 1258–63. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Live plants (as part-nature) (A0BA0)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Substance:

solanine (RF-00003582-PAR)
Analytical method - additional description:

liquid-liquid separation, TLC chromatography
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

solanine in the plant

Composition #3: Bhutani, K. K., Ali, M., Sharma, S. R., Vaid, R. M., Gupta, D. K. Investigations of medicinal plants. Part 10. Three new steroidal alkaloids from the bark of Holarrhena antidysenterica. phytochemistry, 1988, vol. 27, no. 3, p. 925–8. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Stem / stalk (as part-nature) (A067S)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

Ethanol
Substance:

Steroidal alkaloids (RF-00004336-PAR)
Additional substance description:

regholarrhenine A, regholarrhenine B and regholarrhenine C
Analytical method code:

Standard Chromatographic tests (paper- thin layer- and column chromatography) (F016A)
Analytical method - additional description:

TLC, CC
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

regholarrhenine A-C (stem bark)

Composition #4: Singh, Rajendra Kumar. Pre-clinical toxicity studies of Holarrhena antidysentrica stem bark in mice and rats. world journal of pharmacy and pharmaceutical sciences, 2018, vol. 7, no. 4, p. 912–922. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Stem / stalk (as part-nature) (A067S)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

Ethanol
Substance:

Alkaloids (RF-00004360-PAR)
Analytical method code:

Phytochemical screening (F604A)
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

Alkaloids (stem bark)

Composition #5: Das, Kuntal., Dang, Raman. Influence of demographic location and solvent extraction on pharmacognostical assessment and identification of conessine content in different parts of Holarrhena antidysentrica through HPTLC analysis. chaos, 2017, vol. 27, no. 6, p. 427–435. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Leaves (as part-nature) (A0EKT)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

Chloroform
Substance:

conessin (RF-00004211-PAR)
Analytical method code:

Gelpermeation, High Performance Thin Layer Chromatography (HPTLC) (F017A)
Result unit:

Percent (G138A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

0.31
Internal remarks:

Conessine (leaf chloroform extract)

Composition #6: Das, Kuntal., Dang, Raman. Influence of demographic location and solvent extraction on pharmacognostical assessment and identification of conessine content in different parts of Holarrhena antidysentrica through HPTLC analysis. chaos, 2017, vol. 27, no. 6, p. 427–435. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Bark (as part-nature) (A066X)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

Methanol
Substance:

conessin (RF-00004211-PAR)
Analytical method code:

Gelpermeation, High Performance Thin Layer Chromatography (HPTLC) (F017A)
Result unit:

Percent (G138A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

0.51
Internal remarks:

Conessine (bark)

Composition #7: Das, Kuntal., Dang, Raman. Influence of demographic location and solvent extraction on pharmacognostical assessment and identification of conessine content in different parts of Holarrhena antidysentrica through HPTLC analysis. chaos, 2017, vol. 27, no. 6, p. 427–435. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Roots and other underground parts (as part-nature) (A067M)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

Methanol
Substance:

conessin (RF-00004211-PAR)
Analytical method code:

Gelpermeation, High Performance Thin Layer Chromatography (HPTLC) (F017A)
Result unit:

Percent (G138A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

0.48
Internal remarks:

Conessine (root)

Composition #8: Das, Kuntal., Dang, Raman. Influence of demographic location and solvent extraction on pharmacognostical assessment and identification of conessine content in different parts of Holarrhena antidysentrica through HPTLC analysis. chaos, 2017, vol. 27, no. 6, p. 427–435. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Leaves (as part-nature) (A0EKT)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

Methanol
Substance:

conessin (RF-00004211-PAR)
Analytical method code:

Gelpermeation, High Performance Thin Layer Chromatography (HPTLC) (F017A)
Result unit:

Percent (G138A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

0.05
Internal remarks:

Conessine (leaf methanol extract)

Composition #9: Kumar, S., Yadav, A. Comparative study of hypoglycemic effect of holarrhena antidysenterica seeds and glibenclamide in experimentally induced diabetes mellitus in albino rats. biomedical and pharmacology journal, 2015, vol. 8, no. 1, p. 477–483. DOI: 10.13005/bpj/637. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Seed (as part-nature) (A066P)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

Ethanol
Substance:

Saponins (RF-00004333-PAR)
Analytical method code:

Phytochemical screening (F604A)
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

Saponins (seeds)

Composition #10: Kumar, S., Yadav, A. Comparative study of hypoglycemic effect of holarrhena antidysenterica seeds and glibenclamide in experimentally induced diabetes mellitus in albino rats. biomedical and pharmacology journal, 2015, vol. 8, no. 1, p. 477–483. DOI: 10.13005/bpj/637. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Seed (as part-nature) (A066P)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

Ethanol
Substance:

Tannins (RF-00004337-PAR)
Analytical method code:

Phytochemical screening (F604A)
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

Tannins (seeds)

Composition #11: Manika, N., Gupta, Vivek K., Verma, Ram K., Darokar, Mahendra P., Pandey, Nalini., Bagchi, Gurudas. Extraction efficacy, antibacterial potential and validation of RP-HPLC coupled with diode array detection in Holarrhena pubescens. international journal of pharmaceutical sciences and research, 2013, p. 3020–3027. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Bark (as part-nature) (A066X)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

methanol
Substance:

conessin (RF-00004211-PAR)
Analytical method code:

High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC)/Liquid Chromatography (LC) (F018A)
Result unit:

Percent (G138A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

1.065
Internal remarks:

Conessin

Composition #12: Siddiqui, BS., Usmani, SB., Ali, ST., Begum, S., Rizwani, GH. Further constituents from the bark of Holarrhena pubescens. PHYTOCHEMISTRY, 2001, vol. 58, no. 8, p. 1199–1204. DOI: 10.1016/S0031-9422(01)00330-2. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Bark (as part-nature) (A066X)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

methanol
Substance:

pregnane derivatives (RF-00004313-PAR)
Additional substance description:

pubadysone, pubamide, puboestrene
Analytical method code:

Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) (F061A)
Analytical method - additional description:

melting point, NMR, MS
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

Pregnane derivatives

Composition #13: Nahar, U. J., Bhuiyan, M. M. R., Samsudduzah, A. N. M., Uddin, M. R., Maryam, Z. PHYTOCHEMICAL SCREENING, CYTOTOXIC AND CNS DEPRESSANT ACTIVITIES OF HOLARRHENA ANTIDYSENTERICA LEAVES AND SEEDS. international journal of pharmaceutical sciences and research, 2015, vol. 6, no. 2, p. 620–623. DOI: 10.13040/IJPSR.0975-8232.6(2).620-23. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Leaves (as part-nature) (A0EKT)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

methanol
Substance:

cardiac glycosides (RF-00010823-PAR)
Analytical method code:

Phytochemical screening (F604A)
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

Cardiac glycosides (leaf)

Composition #14: Nahar, U. J., Bhuiyan, M. M. R., Samsudduzah, A. N. M., Uddin, M. R., Maryam, Z. PHYTOCHEMICAL SCREENING, CYTOTOXIC AND CNS DEPRESSANT ACTIVITIES OF HOLARRHENA ANTIDYSENTERICA LEAVES AND SEEDS. international journal of pharmaceutical sciences and research, 2015, vol. 6, no. 2, p. 620–623. DOI: 10.13040/IJPSR.0975-8232.6(2).620-23. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Leaves (as part-nature) (A0EKT)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

methanol
Substance:

Alkaloids (RF-00004360-PAR)
Analytical method code:

Phytochemical screening (F604A)
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

alkaloids (leaf)

Composition #15: Nahar, U. J., Bhuiyan, M. M. R., Samsudduzah, A. N. M., Uddin, M. R., Maryam, Z. PHYTOCHEMICAL SCREENING, CYTOTOXIC AND CNS DEPRESSANT ACTIVITIES OF HOLARRHENA ANTIDYSENTERICA LEAVES AND SEEDS. international journal of pharmaceutical sciences and research, 2015, vol. 6, no. 2, p. 620–623. DOI: 10.13040/IJPSR.0975-8232.6(2).620-23. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Leaves (as part-nature) (A0EKT)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

methanol
Substance:

Tannins (RF-00004337-PAR)
Analytical method code:

Phytochemical screening (F604A)
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

Tannins (leaf)

Composition #16: Nahar, U. J., Bhuiyan, M. M. R., Samsudduzah, A. N. M., Uddin, M. R., Maryam, Z. PHYTOCHEMICAL SCREENING, CYTOTOXIC AND CNS DEPRESSANT ACTIVITIES OF HOLARRHENA ANTIDYSENTERICA LEAVES AND SEEDS. international journal of pharmaceutical sciences and research, 2015, vol. 6, no. 2, p. 620–623. DOI: 10.13040/IJPSR.0975-8232.6(2).620-23. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Leaves (as part-nature) (A0EKT)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

methanol
Substance:

Saponins (RF-00004333-PAR)
Analytical method code:

Phytochemical screening (F604A)
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

Saponins (leaf)

Composition #17: Kumar, Neeraj., Singh, Bikram., Bhandari, Pamita., Gupta, Ajai Prakash., Kaul, Vijay Kumar. Steroidal alkaloids from Holarrhena antidysenterica (L.) WALL. chemical & pharmaceutical bulletin, 2007, vol. 55, no. 6, p. 912–914. DOI: 10.1248/cpb.55.912. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Stem / stalk (as part-nature) (A067S)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

Methanol
Substance:

conessin (RF-00004211-PAR)
Analytical method code:

Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) (F061A)
Analytical method - additional description:

C and H NMR, HR-MS
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

conessine (stem bark)

Composition #18: Kumar, Neeraj., Singh, Bikram., Bhandari, Pamita., Gupta, Ajai Prakash., Kaul, Vijay Kumar. Steroidal alkaloids from Holarrhena antidysenterica (L.) WALL. chemical & pharmaceutical bulletin, 2007, vol. 55, no. 6, p. 912–914. DOI: 10.1248/cpb.55.912. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Stem / stalk (as part-nature) (A067S)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

Methanol
Substance:

kurchessine (RF-00003467-PAR)
Analytical method code:

Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) (F061A)
Analytical method - additional description:

C and H NMR, HR-MS
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

kurchessine (stem bark)

Composition #19: Kumar, Neeraj., Singh, Bikram., Bhandari, Pamita., Gupta, Ajai Prakash., Kaul, Vijay Kumar. Steroidal alkaloids from Holarrhena antidysenterica (L.) WALL. chemical & pharmaceutical bulletin, 2007, vol. 55, no. 6, p. 912–914. DOI: 10.1248/cpb.55.912. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Stem / stalk (as part-nature) (A067S)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

Methanol
Substance:

Steroidal alkaloids (RF-00004336-PAR)
Additional substance description:

holadysenterine
Analytical method code:

Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) (F061A)
Analytical method - additional description:

C and H NMR, HR-MS
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

holadysenterine (stem bark)

Composition #20: Kumar, Neeraj., Singh, Bikram., Bhandari, Pamita., Gupta, Ajai Prakash., Kaul, Vijay Kumar. Steroidal alkaloids from Holarrhena antidysenterica (L.) WALL. chemical & pharmaceutical bulletin, 2007, vol. 55, no. 6, p. 912–914. DOI: 10.1248/cpb.55.912. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Stem / stalk (as part-nature) (A067S)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

Methanol
Substance:

isoconessimine (RF-00003442-PAR)
Analytical method code:

Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) (F061A)
Analytical method - additional description:

C and H NMR, HR-MS
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

isoconessimine (stem bark)

Composition #21: Yang, Zhong-Duo., Duan, Dong-Zhu., Xue, Wei-Wei., Yao, Xiao-Jun., Li, Shuo. Steroidal alkaloids from Holarrhena antidysenterica as acetylcholinesterase inhibitors and the investigation for structure-activity relationships. life sciences, 2012, vol. 90, no. 23-24, p. 929–933. DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2012.04.017. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Seed (as part-nature) (A066P)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

Ethanol
Substance:

conessin (RF-00004211-PAR)
Analytical method code:

Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) (F061A)
Analytical method - additional description:

C and H NMR, ESI-MS
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

Conessine (seed)

Composition #22: Yang, Zhong-Duo., Duan, Dong-Zhu., Xue, Wei-Wei., Yao, Xiao-Jun., Li, Shuo. Steroidal alkaloids from Holarrhena antidysenterica as acetylcholinesterase inhibitors and the investigation for structure-activity relationships. life sciences, 2012, vol. 90, no. 23-24, p. 929–933. DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2012.04.017. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Seed (as part-nature) (A066P)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

Ethanol
Substance:

Steroidal alkaloids (RF-00004336-PAR)
Additional substance description:

conimin, conarrhimin, conessimin
Analytical method code:

Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) (F061A)
Analytical method - additional description:

C and H NMR, ESI-MS
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

conimin, conarrhimin, conessimin (seed)

Composition #23: Yang, Zhong-Duo., Duan, Dong-Zhu., Xue, Wei-Wei., Yao, Xiao-Jun., Li, Shuo. Steroidal alkaloids from Holarrhena antidysenterica as acetylcholinesterase inhibitors and the investigation for structure-activity relationships. life sciences, 2012, vol. 90, no. 23-24, p. 929–933. DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2012.04.017. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Seed (as part-nature) (A066P)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

Ethanol
Substance:

isoconessimine (RF-00003442-PAR)
Analytical method code:

Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) (F061A)
Analytical method - additional description:

C and H NMR, ESI-MS
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

Isoconessimine (seed)

Composition #24: SIDDIQUI, BS., USMANI, SB., BEGUM, S., SIDDIQUI, S., AFTAB, K., GILANI, AUH. HYPOTENSIVE CONSTITUENTS FROM THE BARK OF HOLARRHENA-PUBESCENS (HOLARRHENA-ANTIDYSENTERICA). HETEROCYCLES, 1995, vol. 41, no. 2, p. 267–276. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Bark (as part-nature) (A066X)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

methanol
Substance:

Steroidal alkaloids (RF-00004336-PAR)
Additional substance description:

norconessine, holamide, pubescinine
Analytical method code:

Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) (F061A)
Analytical method - additional description:

melting point, NMR, MS
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

Steroidal alkaloids

Composition #25: Houghton, PJ., Diogo, MLD. The conessine content of Holarrhena pubescens from Malawi. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHARMACOGNOSY, 1996, vol. 34, no. 4, p. 305–307. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Bark (as part-nature) (A066X)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

chloroform
Substance:

conessin (RF-00004211-PAR)
Analytical method code:

Gaschromatography (GC) (F037A)
Analytical method - additional description:

GC, densitometry
Result unit:

Percent/volume (G088A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

<0.29
Internal remarks:

conessin

Endpoint study #1: Singh, Rajendra Kumar. Pre-clinical toxicity studies of Holarrhena antidysentrica stem bark in mice and rats. world journal of pharmacy and pharmaceutical sciences, 2018, vol. 7, no. 4, p. 912–922. .

Study relevance:

Human health
Plant part:

Stem / stalk (as part-nature) (A067S)
Preparation/Extraction method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional plant/substance description:

Stem bark/ethanol
Type of toxicological test:

acute toxicity (CHD016TT)
Guideline used:

Equivalent or similar to
Guideline:

OTHER GUIDELINE (OECD2246PL)
Tested organism:

House mouse (as animal) (A0CNT)
Strain of test organism:

Swiss (CHD005ST)
Sex:

Male/Female
Route of exposure:

ORAL: UNSPECIFIED (OECD2234PL)
Exposure duration:

1.0
Unit of exposure duration:

Day (G134A)
Number of organisms dosed:

30
Control groups used:

yes
Endpoint measured:

Dose level (CHD014EP)
Concentration unit:

Milligram/kilogram (G061A)
Effect concentration:

500-2000
Critical effect:

SYSTEMIC (TOX01A)
Target tissue:

neurologic: Brain (TT034A)
Effect description:

The animals treated with 2000, 1000 and 500 mg/kg showed dull, writhing and 30% mortality recorded within 96 h. According to OECD guideline 423
Effect or parameter linked to the endpoint:

mortality (CHD010BE)
Internal remarks:

30% mortality in mice

Endpoint study #2: Namasudra, S., Phukan, P., Bawari, M. Evaluation of neurotoxicity of the ethanolic bark extract of holarrhena pubescens wall. Ex g.don in mice. international journal of pharmaceutical research, 2020, vol. 12, no. 4, p. 36–48. DOI: 10.31838/ijpr/2020.12.04.011. [DOI link]

Study relevance:

Human health
Plant part:

Bark (as part-nature) (A066X)
Preparation/Extraction method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional plant/substance description:

ethanol extract
Type of toxicological test:

short-term toxicity (CHD017TT)
Tested organism:

House mouse (as animal) (A0CNT)
Sex:

No data
Route of exposure:

ORAL: GAVAGE (OECD2231PL)
Exposure duration:

28.0
Unit of exposure duration:

Day (G134A)
Control groups used:

no data
Endpoint measured:

Concentration level (CHD013EP)
Concentration unit:

Milligrams per kilogram body weight (G225A)
Effect concentration:

250-1000
Critical effect:

NEUROTOXICITY (TOX04A)
Target tissue:

neurologic: Central Nervous System (TT035A)
Effect description:

the reduction in locomotor activity, spatial memory and learning impairment, enhancement in anxiety and depression. Prominent alterations in the treated mice brain because of neurotoxic activity.
Effect or parameter linked to the endpoint:

behaviour (CHD001BE)
Internal remarks:

Neurotoxicity in mice

Endpoint study #3: Nahar, U. J., Bhuiyan, M. M. R., Samsudduzah, A. N. M., Uddin, M. R., Maryam, Z. PHYTOCHEMICAL SCREENING, CYTOTOXIC AND CNS DEPRESSANT ACTIVITIES OF HOLARRHENA ANTIDYSENTERICA LEAVES AND SEEDS. international journal of pharmaceutical sciences and research, 2015, vol. 6, no. 2, p. 620–623. DOI: 10.13040/IJPSR.0975-8232.6(2).620-23. [DOI link]

Study relevance:

Human health
Plant part:

Leaves (as part-nature) (A0EKT)
Preparation/Extraction method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional plant/substance description:

methanol
Type of toxicological test:

other (CHD008TT)
Tested organism:

House mouse (as animal) (A0CNT)
Strain of test organism:

Swiss (CHD005ST)
Sex:

No data
Route of exposure:

ORAL: UNSPECIFIED (OECD2234PL)
Exposure duration:

1.0
Unit of exposure duration:

single (food/feed) (G203A)
Control groups used:

yes, concurrent no treatment
Endpoint measured:

Dose level (CHD014EP)
Concentration unit:

Milligrams per kilogram body weight (G225A)
Effect concentration:

100-300
Critical effect:

NEUROTOXICITY (TOX04A)
Target tissue:

Neurologic (TT004A)
Effect description:

dose dependent depressant activity; methanolic leaf extract decreased the loco motor activity
Effect or parameter linked to the endpoint:

behaviour (CHD001BE)
Internal remarks:

dose dependent depressant activity in mice

Endpoint study #4: Ali, Kazi Monjur., Chatterjee, Kausik., De, Debasis., Jana, Kishalay., Bera, Tushar Kanti., Ghosh, Debidas. Inhibitory effect of hydro-methanolic extract of seed of Holarrhena antidysenterica on alpha-glucosidase activity and postprandial blood glucose level in normoglycemic rat. journal of ethnopharmacology, 2011, vol. 135, no. 1, p. 194–196. DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2011.02.034. [DOI link]

Study relevance:

Human health
Plant part:

Seed (as part-nature) (A066P)
Preparation/Extraction method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional plant/substance description:

hydromethanol
Type of toxicological test:

in vitro (CHD061TT)
Sex:

No data
Control groups used:

yes
Endpoint measured:

Half maximal inhibitory concentration (CHD021EP)
Concentration unit:

Microgram/millilitre (G052A)
Effect concentration:

0.52
Critical effect:

Digestive (TOX18A)
Target tissue:

Digestive (TT002A)
Effect description:

plant seeds displayed potent α-glucosidase inhibitory activity (IC50 0.52 mg/ml) in rat intestine supernatant
Effect or parameter linked to the endpoint:

enzyme inhibition (CHD032BE)
Internal remarks:

α-glucosidase inhibitory activity (IC50 0.52 mg/ml) (seeds)