EFSA Compendium of Botanicals

Draft - work in progress

Gymnanthemum amygdalinum (Delile) Sch.Bip. ex Walp (as plant) // Gymnanthemum amygdalinum (Delile) Sch.Bip. ex Walp. // Vernonia amygdalina Delile

Family:: Asteraceae
Approval state:: Approved
Number of articles retrieved:: 101
Number of processed references:: 8

Compositions

#1: Saponins in leaves #2: Alkaloids in leaves #3: Oxalates #4: Hydrogen cyanide #5: Phytate (phytic acid) #6: Tannins #7: Anthraquinones #8: Phloboannins #9: Cardiac glycosides #10: Tannins #11: Eugenol #12: Sesquiterpene lactones #13: Camphor #14: Steroidal saponins

Endpoint Studies

#1: male reproduction toxicity

Genotoxicity

Composition #1: Olanrewaju, Comfort A., Idris, Halima S., Okwute, Simon K., Olayanju, Segun. Phytochemical analysis and acute oral toxicity of aqueous extracts of Vernonia Amygdalina (delile) and Nauclea Latifolia (smith). international journal of current research, 2015, p. 11269–11273. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Leaves (as part-nature) (A0EKT)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

unspecified
Substance:

Saponins (RF-00004333-PAR)
Analytical method code:

Phytochemical screening (F604A)
Result unit:

Percent (G138A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

9
Internal remarks:

Saponins in leaves

Composition #2: Olanrewaju, Comfort A., Idris, Halima S., Okwute, Simon K., Olayanju, Segun. Phytochemical analysis and acute oral toxicity of aqueous extracts of Vernonia Amygdalina (delile) and Nauclea Latifolia (smith). international journal of current research, 2015, p. 11269–11273. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Leaves (as part-nature) (A0EKT)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

unspecified
Substance:

Alkaloids (RF-00004360-PAR)
Analytical method code:

Phytochemical screening (F604A)
Result unit:

Percent (G138A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

16
Internal remarks:

Alkaloids in leaves

Composition #3: Inyang Udousoro, I., Ekop, R.U., Johnson Udo, E. Effect of thermal processing on antinutrients in common edible green leafy vegetables grown in Ikot Abasi, Nigeria. pakistan journal of nutrition, 2013, vol. 12, no. 2, p. 162–167. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Leaves (as part-nature) (A0EKT)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

HCl and water
Substance:

Oxalates (RF-00004308-PAR)
Analytical method code:

Phytochemical screening (F604A)
Result unit:

Milligram/100 gram (G057A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

246.4
Internal remarks:

Oxalates

Composition #4: Inyang Udousoro, I., Ekop, R.U., Johnson Udo, E. Effect of thermal processing on antinutrients in common edible green leafy vegetables grown in Ikot Abasi, Nigeria. pakistan journal of nutrition, 2013, vol. 12, no. 2, p. 162–167. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Leaves (as part-nature) (A0EKT)
Additional extraction description:

alkaline extraction method described by AOAC
Substance:

Hydrogen cyanide (cyanides expressed as hydrogen cyanide) (RF-0243-001-PPP)
Analytical method code:

Phytochemical screening (F604A)
Result unit:

Milligram/100 gram (G057A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

162.34
Internal remarks:

Hydrogen cyanide

Composition #5: Inyang Udousoro, I., Ekop, R.U., Johnson Udo, E. Effect of thermal processing on antinutrients in common edible green leafy vegetables grown in Ikot Abasi, Nigeria. pakistan journal of nutrition, 2013, vol. 12, no. 2, p. 162–167. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Leaves (as part-nature) (A0EKT)
Additional extraction description:

unspecified
Substance:

phytic acid (RF-00000363-NTR)
Additional substance description:

Phytate
Analytical method code:

Phytochemical screening (F604A)
Result unit:

Milligram/100 gram (G057A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

33.34
Internal remarks:

Phytate (phytic acid)

Composition #6: Inyang Udousoro, I., Ekop, R.U., Johnson Udo, E. Effect of thermal processing on antinutrients in common edible green leafy vegetables grown in Ikot Abasi, Nigeria. pakistan journal of nutrition, 2013, vol. 12, no. 2, p. 162–167. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Leaves (as part-nature) (A0EKT)
Additional extraction description:

unspecified
Substance:

Tannins (RF-00004337-PAR)
Analytical method code:

Phytochemical screening (F604A)
Result unit:

Milligram/100 gram (G057A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

308.64
Internal remarks:

Tannins

Composition #7: Wazis, C.H., Timothy, S.Y., Zakama, S.G., Balla, H.J., Maspalma, I.D. Phytochemical screening and purgative activity of ethanolic extracts of vernonia amygdalina del. Leaf. international journal of research in ayurveda and pharmacy, 2013, vol. 4, no. 1, p. 46–49. DOI: 10.7897/2277-4343.04122. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Leaves (as part-nature) (A0EKT)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

ethanol 95%
Substance:

anthraquinones (RF-00004343-PAR)
Analytical method code:

Phytochemical screening (F604A)
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

Anthraquinones

Composition #8: Wazis, C.H., Timothy, S.Y., Zakama, S.G., Balla, H.J., Maspalma, I.D. Phytochemical screening and purgative activity of ethanolic extracts of vernonia amygdalina del. Leaf. international journal of research in ayurveda and pharmacy, 2013, vol. 4, no. 1, p. 46–49. DOI: 10.7897/2277-4343.04122. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Leaves (as part-nature) (A0EKT)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

ethanol 95%
Substance:

phlobotannins (RF-00011481-PAR)
Analytical method code:

Phytochemical screening (F604A)
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

Phloboannins

Composition #9: Wazis, C.H., Timothy, S.Y., Zakama, S.G., Balla, H.J., Maspalma, I.D. Phytochemical screening and purgative activity of ethanolic extracts of vernonia amygdalina del. Leaf. international journal of research in ayurveda and pharmacy, 2013, vol. 4, no. 1, p. 46–49. DOI: 10.7897/2277-4343.04122. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Leaves (as part-nature) (A0EKT)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

ethanol 95%
Substance:

cardiac glycosides (RF-00010823-PAR)
Analytical method code:

Phytochemical screening (F604A)
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

Cardiac glycosides

Composition #10: Wazis, C.H., Timothy, S.Y., Zakama, S.G., Balla, H.J., Maspalma, I.D. Phytochemical screening and purgative activity of ethanolic extracts of vernonia amygdalina del. Leaf. international journal of research in ayurveda and pharmacy, 2013, vol. 4, no. 1, p. 46–49. DOI: 10.7897/2277-4343.04122. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Leaves (as part-nature) (A0EKT)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

ethanol 95%
Substance:

Tannins (RF-00004337-PAR)
Additional substance description:

soluble+condensed tannins
Analytical method code:

Phytochemical screening (F604A)
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

Tannins

Composition #11: Ocheng, F., Bwanga, F., Joloba, M., Softrata, A., Azeem, M., Pütsep, K., Borg-Karlson, A.-K., Obua, C., Gustafsson, A. Essential Oils from Ugandan Aromatic Medicinal Plants: Chemical Composition and Growth Inhibitory Effects on Oral Pathogens. evidence-based complementary and alternative medicine, 2015, vol. 2015 . DOI: 10.1155/2015/230832. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Aerial part of plants (as part-nature) (A166F)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Essential oil (as part-nature) (A166Q)
Substance:

Eugenol (RF-00003807-PAR)
Analytical method code:

GC-MS (F046A)
Result unit:

Percent (G138A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

18.3
Internal remarks:

Eugenol

Composition #12: Sinisi, A., Millán, E., Abay, S.M., Habluetzel, A., Appendino, G., Muñoz, E., Taglialatela-Scafati, O. Poly-Electrophilic Sesquiterpene Lactones from Vernonia amygdalina: New Members and Differences in Their Mechanism of Thiol Trapping and in Bioactivity. journal of natural products, 2015, vol. 78, no. 7, p. 1618–1623. DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.5b00179. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Leaves (as part-nature) (A0EKT)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

methanol
Substance:

Sesquiterpene lactones (RF-00004319-PAR)
Additional substance description:

14-O-methylvernolide, 3′-deoxyvernodalol, and vernomygdalin
Analytical method code:

Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) (F061A)
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

Sesquiterpene lactones

Composition #13: Ogunbinu, Akinola O., Flamini, Guido., Cioni, Pier L., Ogunwande, Isiaka A., Okeniyi, Sunday O. Essential Oil Constituents of Eclipta prostrata (L.) L. and Vernonia amygdalina Delile . natural product communications, 2009, vol. 4, no. 3, p. 421–424. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Live plants (as part-nature) (A0BA0)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Essential oil (as part-nature) (A166Q)
Additional extraction description:

hydrodistillation
Substance:

Camphor (RF-00003986-PAR)
Analytical method code:

GC-MS (F046A)
Result unit:

Percent (G138A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

1.5
Internal remarks:

Camphor

Composition #14: Quasie, Olga., Zhang, Yang-Mei., Zhang, Hong-Jian., Luo, Jun., Kong, Ling-Yi. Four new steroid saponins with highly oxidized side chains from the leaves of Vernonia amygdalina . phytochemistry letters, 2016, vol. 15, p. 16–20. DOI: 10.1016/j.phytol.2015.11.002. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Leaves (as part-nature) (A0EKT)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

70% ethanol
Substance:

steroidal saponins (RF-00010818-PAR)
Additional substance description:

Vernoamyosides A–D
Analytical method code:

Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) (F061A)
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

Steroidal saponins

Endpoint study #1: Saalu, L.C., Akunna, G.G., Ajayi, J.O. Modulating role of bitter leaf on spermatogenic and steroidogenesis functions of the rat testis. american journal of biochemistry and molecular biology, 2013, vol. 3, no. 3, p. 314–321. DOI: 10.3923/ajbmb.2013.314.321. [DOI link]

Study relevance:

Human health
Plant part:

Leaves (as part-nature) (A0EKT)
Preparation/Extraction method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional plant/substance description:

water extract
Type of toxicological test:

reproduction toxicity (CHD009TT)
Tested organism:

Rat (as animal) (A0CNV)
Strain of test organism:

Sprague-Dawley (CHD012ST)
Sex:

Male
Exposure duration:

60.0
Unit of exposure duration:

Day (G134A)
Number of organisms dosed:

10
Control groups used:

yes
Endpoint measured:

Concentration level (CHD013EP)
Concentration unit:

Milligrams per kilogram body weight (G225A)
Effect concentration:

200
Critical effect:

REPRODUCTIVE (TOX05A)
Target tissue:

urogenital: Testes (TT050A)
Effect description:

testicular degeneration, reduction in sperm concentration and motility, percentage of normal morphology and live sperm
Effect or parameter linked to the endpoint:

reproduction (CHD014BE)
Internal remarks:

male reproduction toxicity