EFSA Compendium of Botanicals

Draft - work in progress

Cardoon (as plant) // Cynara cardunculus ssp. flavescens Wiklund // Cynara scolymus L.

Family:: Asteraceae (Compositae)
Approval state:: Approved
Number of articles retrieved:: 2520
Number of processed references:: 4

Compositions

#1: Scopoletin (coumarin) in leaves #2: esculetin-6-O-beta-glucoside #3: Saponins

Endpoint Studies

Genotoxicity

#1: Low genotoxicity of water leaf extract on 2000mg/kg which was the highest tested dose. #2: The leaf extract lead to increased MN frequencies in a dose-dependent manner, indicating that C. scolymus L. is able to promote chromosomal mutations associated to aneugenic and/or clastogenic events in ovary (CHO) cells. #3: In vitro genotoxicity

Composition #1: Hinou, J., Harvala, C., Philianos, S. Polyphenolic substances of Cynara scolymus L. leaves .. annales pharmaceutiques francaises, 1989, vol. 47, no. 2, p. 95–8. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Leaves (as part-nature) (A0EKT)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

unspecified
Substance:

scopoletin (RF-00004048-PAR)
Analytical method code:

Unspecified (F598A)
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

Scopoletin (coumarin) in leaves

Composition #2: Hinou, J., Harvala, C., Philianos, S. Polyphenolic substances of Cynara scolymus L. leaves .. annales pharmaceutiques francaises, 1989, vol. 47, no. 2, p. 95–8. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Leaves (as part-nature) (A0EKT)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

unspecified
Substance:

Esculetin (RF-00003667-PAR)
Additional substance description:

esculetin-6-O-beta-glucoside
Analytical method code:

Unspecified (F598A)
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

esculetin-6-O-beta-glucoside

Composition #3: Zan, Meriele A., Ferraz, Alexandre B. F., Richter, Marc F., Picada, Jaqueline N., de Andrade, Heloisa H. R., Lehmann, Mauricio., Dihl, Rafael R., Nunes, Emilene., Semedo, Juliane., Da Silva, Juliana. In Vivo Genotoxicity Evaluation of an Artichoke (Cynara scolymus L.) Aqueous Extract. JOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE, 2013, vol. 78, no. 2, p. T367–T371. DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.12034. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Leaves (as part-nature) (A0EKT)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

water
Substance:

Saponins (RF-00004333-PAR)
Analytical method code:

Phytochemical screening (F604A)
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

Saponins

Genotox #1: Zan, Meriele A., Ferraz, Alexandre B. F., Richter, Marc F., Picada, Jaqueline N., de Andrade, Heloisa H. R., Lehmann, Mauricio., Dihl, Rafael R., Nunes, Emilene., Semedo, Juliane., Da Silva, Juliana. In Vivo Genotoxicity Evaluation of an Artichoke (Cynara scolymus L.) Aqueous Extract. JOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE, 2013, vol. 78, no. 2, p. T367–T371. DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.12034. [DOI link]

Study category:

Genotoxicity
Type of toxicological test:

single cell gel/comet assay in mammalian cells for detection of DNA damage (CHD040TT)
Method type:

in vivo
Tested organism:

House mouse (as animal) (A0CNT)
Strain of test organism:

CF-1 (CHD062ST)
Sex:

Male/Female
Route of exposure:

ORAL: DRINKING WATER (OECD2229PL)
Exposure duration for in vivo:

3.0
Unit of exposure duration:

Day (G134A)
Number of organisms dosed:

30
Control groups used:

yes, concurrent no treatment
Is genotoxic:

Positive
Remarks on genotox study:

Low genotoxicity of water leaf extract on 2000mg/kg which was the highest tested dose.
Internal remarks:

Low genotoxicity of water leaf extract on 2000mg/kg which was the highest tested dose.
Internal ID:

WOS:000314990500034

Genotox #2: Jacociunas, Laura Vicedo., Rodrigues de Andrade, Heloisa Helena., Lehmann, Mauricio., Ribas de Abreu, Bianca Regina., Falcao Ferraz, Alexandre de Barros., da Silva, Juliana., Grivicich, Ivana., Dihl, Rafael Rodrigues. Artichoke induces genetic toxicity in the cytokinesis-block micronucleus (CBMN) cytome assay. FOOD AND CHEMICAL TOXICOLOGY, 2013, vol. 55, p. 56–59. DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2012.12.024. [DOI link]

Study category:

Mutagenicity
Type of toxicological test:

in vitro mammalian cell micronucleus test (CHD033TT)
Method type:

in vitro
Guideline used:

According to
Guideline:

OECD Guideline 487 (In Vitro Mammalian Cell Micronucleus Test) (OECDX001PL)
Tested organism:

Hamster (as animal) (A0CNX)
Strain of test organism:

CHO (CHD034ST)
Sex:

Female
Endpoint measured:

gene mutation
Is genotoxic:

Positive
Remarks on genotox study:

ability of C. scolymus leaf extract to promote chromosomal mutations
Internal remarks:

The leaf extract lead to increased MN frequencies in a dose-dependent manner, indicating that C. scolymus L. is able to promote chromosomal mutations associated to aneugenic and/or clastogenic events in ovary (CHO) cells.
Internal ID:

WOS:000317536900008

Genotox #3: da Silva, Regiane Pereira., Jacociunas, Laura Vicedo., de Carli, Raine Fogliati., Ribas de Abreu, Bianca Regina., Lehmann, Mauricio., da Silva, Juliana., Falcao Ferraz, Alexandre de Barros., Dihl, Rafael Rodrigues. Genotoxic and chemopreventive assessment of Cynara scolymus L. aqueous extract in a human-derived liver cell line . drug and chemical toxicology, 2017, vol. 40, no. 4, p. 484–488. DOI: 10.1080/01480545.2017.1279625. [DOI link]

Study category:

Genotoxicity
Type of toxicological test:

single cell gel/comet assay in mammalian cells for detection of DNA damage (CHD040TT)
Method type:

in vitro
Tested organism:

Human (as organism) (A056J)
Strain of test organism:

Hep G2 human cell line (CHD114ST)
Sex:

No data
Exposure duration for in vivo:

1.0
Unit of exposure duration:

Hour (G099A)
Control groups used:

yes
Endpoint measured:

DNA damage and/or repair
Is genotoxic:

Positive
Remarks on genotox study:

genotoxicity of leaf extract to HepG2 cells, especially at high concentrations.
Internal remarks:

In vitro genotoxicity
Internal ID:

WOS:000406544200015