Draft - work in progress
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- Corynocarpus laevigatus J.R.Forst. & G.Forst.
Corynocarpus laevigatus J.R.Forst. & G.Forst.
- Family:
- Corynocarpaceae
- Approval state:
- Approved
- Number of articles retrieved:
- 57
- Number of processed references:
- 5
Composition #1: Slaughter, Robin J., Beasley, D Michael G., Lambie, Bruce S., Wilkins, Gerard T., Schep, Leo J. Poisonous plants in New Zealand: a review of those that are most commonly enquired about to the National Poisons Centre.. The New Zealand medical journal, 2012, vol. 125, no. 1367, p. 87–118. .
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Plant part:
Seed (as part-nature) (A066P)
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Substance:
Karakin (RF-00011338-PAR)
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Yes/No Qualitative:
Positive/Present (POS)
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Result type:
Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
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Internal remarks:
Karakin
Composition #2: Anderson, RC., Majak, W., Rassmussen, MA., Callaway, TR., Beier, RC., Nisbet, DJ., Allison, MJ. Toxicity and metabolism of the conjugates of 3-nitropropanol and 3-nitropropionic acid in forages poisonous to livestock. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY, 2005, vol. 53, no. 6, p. 2344–2350. DOI: 10.1021/jf040392j.
[
DOI link]
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Plant part:
Seed (as part-nature) (A066P)
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Substance:
Corollin (RF-00011335-PAR)
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Yes/No Qualitative:
Positive/Present (POS)
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Result type:
Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
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Internal remarks:
Corollin
Composition #3: Anderson, RC., Majak, W., Rassmussen, MA., Callaway, TR., Beier, RC., Nisbet, DJ., Allison, MJ. Toxicity and metabolism of the conjugates of 3-nitropropanol and 3-nitropropionic acid in forages poisonous to livestock. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY, 2005, vol. 53, no. 6, p. 2344–2350. DOI: 10.1021/jf040392j.
[
DOI link]
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Plant part:
Seed (as part-nature) (A066P)
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Substance:
hiptagin (RF-00004443-PAR)
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Yes/No Qualitative:
Positive/Present (POS)
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Result type:
Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
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Internal remarks:
Hiptagin
Composition #4: Anderson, RC., Majak, W., Rassmussen, MA., Callaway, TR., Beier, RC., Nisbet, DJ., Allison, MJ. Toxicity and metabolism of the conjugates of 3-nitropropanol and 3-nitropropionic acid in forages poisonous to livestock. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY, 2005, vol. 53, no. 6, p. 2344–2350. DOI: 10.1021/jf040392j.
[
DOI link]
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Plant part:
Seed (as part-nature) (A066P)
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Substance:
Corynocarpin (RF-00011336-PAR)
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Yes/No Qualitative:
Positive/Present (POS)
-
Result type:
Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
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Internal remarks:
Corynocarpin
Composition #5: MacAskill, J. J., Manley-Harris, M., Field, Richard J. Quantification of nitropropanoyl glucosides in karaka nuts before and after treatment. FOOD CHEMISTRY, 2015, vol. 175, p. 543–548. DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2014.12.022.
[
DOI link]
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Plant part:
Seed (as part-nature) (A066P)
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Extraction/Preparation method:
Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
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Additional extraction description:
heating with sulphuric acid to hydrolyze karakin to 3-nitropropionic acid
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Substance:
3-nitropropionic acid (RF-00004442-PAR)
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Additional substance description:
3-nitropropionoc acid is the toxic hydrolysis product of karakin
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Analytical method code:
High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC)/Liquid Chromatography (LC) (F018A)
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Result unit:
Gram/kilogram (G015A)
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Result type:
Numerical Value (VAL)
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Value (concentration, content):
50.25-138.62
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Internal remarks:
3-nitropropionic acid in seed
Composition #6: MacAskill, J. J., Manley-Harris, M., Field, Richard J. Quantification of nitropropanoyl glucosides in karaka nuts before and after treatment. FOOD CHEMISTRY, 2015, vol. 175, p. 543–548. DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2014.12.022.
[
DOI link]
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Plant part:
Fruit unspecified (as part-nature) (A067D)
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Extraction/Preparation method:
Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
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Additional extraction description:
heating with sulphuric acid to hydrolyze karakin to 3-nitropropionic acid
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Substance:
3-nitropropionic acid (RF-00004442-PAR)
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Additional substance description:
3-nitropropionoc acid is the toxic hydrolysis product of karakin
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Analytical method code:
High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC)/Liquid Chromatography (LC) (F018A)
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Result unit:
Gram/kilogram (G015A)
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Result type:
Numerical Value (VAL)
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Value (concentration, content):
18.57
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Internal remarks:
3-nitropropanoic acid in fruit
Composition #7: MacAskill, J. J., Manley-Harris, M., Field, Richard J. Quantification of nitropropanoyl glucosides in karaka nuts before and after treatment. FOOD CHEMISTRY, 2015, vol. 175, p. 543–548. DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2014.12.022.
[
DOI link]
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Plant part:
Fruit peel (as part-nature) (A067G)
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Extraction/Preparation method:
Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
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Additional extraction description:
heating with sulphuric acid to hydrolyze karakin to 3-nitropropionic acid
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Substance:
3-nitropropionic acid (RF-00004442-PAR)
-
Additional substance description:
3-nitropropionoc acid is the toxic hydrolysis product of karakin
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Analytical method code:
High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC)/Liquid Chromatography (LC) (F018A)
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Result unit:
Gram/kilogram (G015A)
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Result type:
Numerical Value (VAL)
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Value (concentration, content):
4.38
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Internal remarks:
3-nitropropanoic acid in shell
Composition #8: MAJAK, W., BENN, M. ADDITIONAL ESTERS OF 3-NITROPROPANOIC ACID AND GLUCOSE FROM FRUIT OF THE NEW-ZEALAND KARAKA TREE, CORYNOCARPUS-LAEVIGATUS. PHYTOCHEMISTRY, 1994, vol. 35, no. 4, p. 901–903. .
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Plant part:
Seed (as part-nature) (A066P)
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Extraction/Preparation method:
Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
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Additional extraction description:
acetone
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Substance:
hiptagin (RF-00004443-PAR)
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Analytical method code:
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) (F061A)
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Analytical method - additional description:
NMR, TLC
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Yes/No Qualitative:
Positive/Present (POS)
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Result type:
Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
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Internal remarks:
Hiptagin
Composition #9: MAJAK, W., BENN, M. ADDITIONAL ESTERS OF 3-NITROPROPANOIC ACID AND GLUCOSE FROM FRUIT OF THE NEW-ZEALAND KARAKA TREE, CORYNOCARPUS-LAEVIGATUS. PHYTOCHEMISTRY, 1994, vol. 35, no. 4, p. 901–903. .
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Plant part:
Seed (as part-nature) (A066P)
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Extraction/Preparation method:
Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
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Additional extraction description:
acetone
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Substance:
Coronarian (RF-00011337-PAR)
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Analytical method code:
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) (F061A)
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Analytical method - additional description:
NMR, TLC
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Yes/No Qualitative:
Positive/Present (POS)
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Result type:
Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
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Internal remarks:
Coronarian
Composition #10: MAJAK, W., BENN, M. ADDITIONAL ESTERS OF 3-NITROPROPANOIC ACID AND GLUCOSE FROM FRUIT OF THE NEW-ZEALAND KARAKA TREE, CORYNOCARPUS-LAEVIGATUS. PHYTOCHEMISTRY, 1994, vol. 35, no. 4, p. 901–903. .
-
-
Plant part:
Seed (as part-nature) (A066P)
-
Extraction/Preparation method:
Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
-
Additional extraction description:
acetone
-
Substance:
Corynocarpin (RF-00011336-PAR)
-
Analytical method code:
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) (F061A)
-
Analytical method - additional description:
NMR, TLC
-
Yes/No Qualitative:
Positive/Present (POS)
-
Result type:
Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
-
Internal remarks:
Corynocarpin
Composition #11: MAJAK, W., BENN, M. ADDITIONAL ESTERS OF 3-NITROPROPANOIC ACID AND GLUCOSE FROM FRUIT OF THE NEW-ZEALAND KARAKA TREE, CORYNOCARPUS-LAEVIGATUS. PHYTOCHEMISTRY, 1994, vol. 35, no. 4, p. 901–903. .
-
-
Plant part:
Seed (as part-nature) (A066P)
-
Extraction/Preparation method:
Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
-
Additional extraction description:
acetone
-
Substance:
Karakin (RF-00011338-PAR)
-
Analytical method code:
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) (F061A)
-
Analytical method - additional description:
NMR, TLC
-
Yes/No Qualitative:
Positive/Present (POS)
-
Result type:
Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
-
Internal remarks:
Karakin
Composition #12: MAJAK, W., BENN, M. ADDITIONAL ESTERS OF 3-NITROPROPANOIC ACID AND GLUCOSE FROM FRUIT OF THE NEW-ZEALAND KARAKA TREE, CORYNOCARPUS-LAEVIGATUS. PHYTOCHEMISTRY, 1994, vol. 35, no. 4, p. 901–903. .
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-
Plant part:
Seed (as part-nature) (A066P)
-
Extraction/Preparation method:
Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
-
Additional extraction description:
acetone
-
Substance:
Cibarian (RF-00011339-PAR)
-
Analytical method code:
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) (F061A)
-
Analytical method - additional description:
NMR, TLC
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Yes/No Qualitative:
Positive/Present (POS)
-
Result type:
Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
-
Internal remarks:
Cibarian
Composition #13: Shaw, Stephanie D., Billing, Tony. Karaka (Corynocarpus laevigatus) toxicosis in North Island brown kiwi (Apteryx mantelli).. Veterinary Clinics of North America Exotic Animal Practice, 2006, vol. 9, no. 3, p. 545–549. DOI: 10.1016/j.cvex.2006.05.014.
[
DOI link]
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Plant part:
Fruit unspecified (as part-nature) (A067D)
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Substance:
Karakin (RF-00011338-PAR)
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Yes/No Qualitative:
Positive/Present (POS)
-
Result type:
Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
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Internal remarks:
Karakin
Endpoint study
#1: Slaughter, Robin J., Beasley, D Michael G., Lambie, Bruce S., Wilkins, Gerard T., Schep, Leo J. Poisonous plants in New Zealand: a review of those that are most commonly enquired about to the National Poisons Centre.. The New Zealand medical journal, 2012, vol. 125, no. 1367, p. 87–118. .
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Study relevance:
Human health
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Substance:
3-nitropropionic acid (RF-00004442-PAR)
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Additional plant/substance description:
hydrolysis of karakin yields the toxic metabolite 3-nitropropionic acid
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Type of toxicological test:
case report (CHD060TT)
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Limit test:
Not applicable
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Tested organism:
Human (as organism) (A056J)
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Route of exposure:
ORAL: UNSPECIFIED (OECD2234PL)
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Endpoint measured:
Dose not reported (CHD066EP)
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Critical effect:
NEUROTOXICITY (TOX04A)
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Target tissue:
neurologic: Central Nervous System (TT035A)
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Effect description:
tremor, seizures, coma, respiratory depression, respiratory arrest and possible neurodegenerative damage
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Effect or parameter linked to the endpoint:
enzyme inhibition (CHD032BE)
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Internal remarks:
neurotoxicity (tremor, seizures, coma, respiratory depression, respiratory arrest and possible neurodegenerative damage)
Endpoint study
#2: Shaw, Stephanie D., Billing, Tony. Karaka (Corynocarpus laevigatus) toxicosis in North Island brown kiwi (Apteryx mantelli).. Veterinary Clinics of North America Exotic Animal Practice, 2006, vol. 9, no. 3, p. 545–549. DOI: 10.1016/j.cvex.2006.05.014.
[
DOI link]
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Study relevance:
Animal (target species) health
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Substance:
Karakin (RF-00011338-PAR)
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Plant part:
Seed (as part-nature) (A066P)
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Additional plant/substance description:
Toxin also in fruit.
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Type of toxicological test:
case report (CHD060TT)
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Limit test:
Not applicable
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Tested organism:
Bird (as animal) (A057X)
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Route of exposure:
ORAL: UNSPECIFIED (OECD2234PL)
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Number of organisms dosed:
2
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Endpoint measured:
Dose not reported (CHD066EP)
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Critical effect:
NEUROTOXICITY (TOX04A)
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Target tissue:
neurologic: Central Nervous System (TT035A)
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Effect description:
anorexia, neurologic signs
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Effect or parameter linked to the endpoint:
neurology (CHD027BE)
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Internal remarks:
Case report intoxication kiwi birds