EFSA Compendium of Botanicals

Draft - work in progress

Shaddock (as plant) // Citrus grandis (L.) Osbeck // Citrus maxima (Burm.) Merr.

Family:: Rutaceae
Approval state:: Approved
Number of articles retrieved:: 1279
Number of processed references:: 4

Compositions

#1: 4 coumarins #2: 11 furanocoumarins #3: Quinoline alkaloids #4: myrcene

Endpoint Studies

#1: alpha-glucosidase inhibition #2: alpha-amylase inhibition

Genotoxicity

Composition #1: Russo, M., Bonaccorsi, I., Torre, G., Cotroneo, A., Dugo, P., Mondello, L. Determination of bioactive compounds in the juice of pummelo (Citrus grandis osbeck). natural product communications, 2013, vol. 8, no. 2, p. 171–174. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Fruit unspecified (as part-nature) (A067D)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Fresh (A166Y)
Substance:

coumarins (RF-00004351-PAR)
Additional substance description:

meranzine hydrate, epoxyaurapten, osthol and aurapten
Analytical method code:

HPLC-UV (F021A)
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

4 coumarins

Composition #2: Russo, M., Bonaccorsi, I., Torre, G., Cotroneo, A., Dugo, P., Mondello, L. Determination of bioactive compounds in the juice of pummelo (Citrus grandis osbeck). natural product communications, 2013, vol. 8, no. 2, p. 171–174. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Fruit unspecified (as part-nature) (A067D)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Fresh (A166Y)
Substance:

Furanocoumarins (RF-00004381-PAR)
Additional substance description:

oxypeucedanin hydrate, bergapten, byakangelicol, oxypeucedanin, isoimperatorin, imperatorin, epoxybergamottin, cnidicin, 8-geranyloxypsoralen, bergamottin and one unknown psoralen
Analytical method code:

HPLC-UV (F021A)
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

11 furanocoumarins

Composition #3: Teng, WY., Huang, YL., Shen, CC., Huang, RL., Chung, RS., Chen, CC. Cytotoxic acridone alkaloids from the stem bark of Citrus maxima. JOURNAL OF THE CHINESE CHEMICAL SOCIETY, 2005, vol. 52, no. 6, p. 1253–1255. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Bark (as part-nature) (A066X)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

Methanol
Substance:

Quinoline alkaloids (RF-00004326-PAR)
Additional substance description:

5-hydroxynoracronycine alcohol, glycocitrine-I,5- hydroxynoracronycine, citrusinine-I, grandisine-I, natsucitrine-II,citracridone-III
Analytical method code:

Colorimetry, Spectroscopy (Spectrometry) and Photometry (F008A)
Analytical method - additional description:

C and H NMR, 2D NMR, HREIMS
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

Quinoline alkaloids

Composition #4: Sun, Hao., Ni, Hui., Yang, Yuanfan., Chen, Feng., Cai, Huinong., Xiao, Anfeng. Sensory evaluation and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis of the volatile extracts of pummelo (Citrus maxima) peel . flavour and fragrance journal, 2014, vol. 29, no. 5, p. 305–312. DOI: 10.1002/ffj.3206. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Fruit peel (as part-nature) (A067G)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Essential oil (as part-nature) (A166Q)
Additional extraction description:

cold pressed
Substance:

myrcene (RF-00003503-PAR)
Analytical method code:

GC-MS (F046A)
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

myrcene

Endpoint study #1: Oboh, Ganiyu., Ademosun, Ayokunle O. Shaddock peels (Citrus maxima) phenolic extracts inhibit alpha-amylase, alpha-glucosidase and angiotensin I-converting enzyme activities: a nutraceutical approach to diabetes management. . diabetes & metabolic syndrome, 2011, vol. 5, no. 3, p. 148–52. DOI: 10.1016/j.dsx.2012.02.008. [DOI link]

Study relevance:

Human health
Substance:

Phenolic compounds Phenolic compounds (RF-00000010-ORG)
Plant part:

Fruit peel (as part-nature) (A067G)
Preparation/Extraction method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional plant/substance description:

80% acetone + specific extraction for bound phenolic compounds
Type of toxicological test:

in vitro (CHD061TT)
Endpoint measured:

Enzyme inhibition (CHD067EP)
Concentration unit:

Microgram/millilitre (G052A)
Effect concentration:

80-320
Critical effect:

Digestive (TOX18A)
Target tissue:

Digestive (TT002A)
Effect description:

bound phenolics caused a 46 to 96% inhibition of alpha-glucosidase at the concentrations 80-320 ug/ml of the extracts tested
Effect or parameter linked to the endpoint:

enzyme inhibition (CHD032BE)
Internal remarks:

alpha-glucosidase inhibition

Endpoint study #2: Oboh, Ganiyu., Ademosun, Ayokunle O. Shaddock peels (Citrus maxima) phenolic extracts inhibit alpha-amylase, alpha-glucosidase and angiotensin I-converting enzyme activities: a nutraceutical approach to diabetes management. . diabetes & metabolic syndrome, 2011, vol. 5, no. 3, p. 148–52. DOI: 10.1016/j.dsx.2012.02.008. [DOI link]

Study relevance:

Human health
Substance:

Phenolic compounds Phenolic compounds (RF-00000010-ORG)
Plant part:

Fruit peel (as part-nature) (A067G)
Preparation/Extraction method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional plant/substance description:

80% acetone + specific extraction for bound phenolic compounds
Type of toxicological test:

in vitro (CHD061TT)
Endpoint measured:

Enzyme inhibition (CHD067EP)
Concentration unit:

Microgram/millilitre (G052A)
Effect concentration:

80-320
Critical effect:

Digestive (TOX18A)
Target tissue:

Digestive (TT002A)
Effect description:

bound phenolics caused a 13 to 64% inhibition of alpha-amylase at the concentrations 80-320 ug/ml of the extracts tested
Effect or parameter linked to the endpoint:

enzyme inhibition (CHD032BE)
Internal remarks:

alpha-amylase inhibition