EFSA Compendium of Botanicals

Draft - work in progress

Kaffir lime (as plant) // Citrus hystrix DC.

Family:: Rutaceae
Approval state:: Approved
Number of articles retrieved:: 256
Number of processed references:: 7

Compositions

#1: Myrcene #2: myrcene #3: bergamottin #4: oxypeucedanin #5: citrusosides B, C and D #6: isoimperatorin #7: oxypeucedanin #8: bergomottin #9: limonin #10: limonoids

Endpoint Studies

#1: antifertility: anti-implantation #2: antifertility: abortion #3: LD50

Genotoxicity

Composition #1: Sato, Akiyoshi., Asano, Kenichi., Sato, Toshiya. The chemical composition of Citrus hystrix DC (Swangi). Journal of Essential Oil Research, 1990, p. 179–183. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Fruit unspecified (as part-nature) (A067D)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Essential oil (as part-nature) (A166Q)
Additional extraction description:

steam distillation
Substance:

myrcene (RF-00003503-PAR)
Analytical method code:

GC-MS (F046A)
Result unit:

Percent (G138A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

1.1- 1.3
Internal remarks:

Myrcene

Composition #2: Kasuan, N., Muhammad, Z., Yusoff, Z., Rahiman, M.H.F., Taib, M.N., Haiyee, Z.A. Extraction of Citrus hystrix D.C. (Kaffir Lime) essential oil using automated steam distillation process: Analysis of volatile compounds Pengekstrakan Minyak Citrus Hystrix D.C. (Limau Purut) menggunakan kaedah penyulingan wap automatik: Analisa komposisi hasil minyak . malaysian journal of analytical sciences, 2013, vol. 17, no. 3, p. 359–369. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Fruit peel (as part-nature) (A067G)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Essential oil (as part-nature) (A166Q)
Additional extraction description:

steam distillation
Substance:

myrcene (RF-00003503-PAR)
Analytical method code:

GC-MS (F046A)
Result unit:

Percent (G138A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

1.7- 2
Internal remarks:

myrcene

Composition #3: Murakami, A., Gao, GX., Kim, OK., Omura, M., Yano, M., Ito, C., Furukawa, H., Jiwajinda, S., Koshimizu, K., Ohigashi, H. Identification of coumarins from the fruit of Citrus hystrix DC as inhibitors of nitric oxide generation in mouse macrophage RAW 264.7 cells. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY, 1999, vol. 47, no. 1, p. 333–339. DOI: 10.1021/jf980523e. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Fruit unspecified (as part-nature) (A067D)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

methanol
Substance:

Bergamottin (RF-00003800-PAR)
Analytical method code:

Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) (F061A)
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

bergamottin

Composition #4: Murakami, A., Gao, GX., Kim, OK., Omura, M., Yano, M., Ito, C., Furukawa, H., Jiwajinda, S., Koshimizu, K., Ohigashi, H. Identification of coumarins from the fruit of Citrus hystrix DC as inhibitors of nitric oxide generation in mouse macrophage RAW 264.7 cells. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY, 1999, vol. 47, no. 1, p. 333–339. DOI: 10.1021/jf980523e. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Fruit unspecified (as part-nature) (A067D)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

methanol
Substance:

oxypeucedanin (RF-00003968-PAR)
Analytical method code:

Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) (F061A)
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

oxypeucedanin

Composition #5: Youkwan, Juthamanee., Sutthivaiyakit, Somyote., Sutthivaiyakit, Pakawadee. Citrusosides A-D and Furanocoumarins with Cholinesterase Inhibitory Activity from the Fruit Peels of Citrus hystrix. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS, 2010, vol. 73, no. 11, p. 1879–1883. DOI: 10.1021/np100531x. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Fruit peel (as part-nature) (A067G)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

hexane, CH2Cl2, methanol
Substance:

Citrusoside B (RF-00011411-PAR)
Additional substance description:

citrusosides B, C and D
Analytical method code:

Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) (F061A)
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

citrusosides B, C and D

Composition #6: Youkwan, Juthamanee., Sutthivaiyakit, Somyote., Sutthivaiyakit, Pakawadee. Citrusosides A-D and Furanocoumarins with Cholinesterase Inhibitory Activity from the Fruit Peels of Citrus hystrix. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS, 2010, vol. 73, no. 11, p. 1879–1883. DOI: 10.1021/np100531x. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Fruit peel (as part-nature) (A067G)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

hexane, CH2Cl2, methanol
Substance:

isoimperatorin (RF-00003880-PAR)
Analytical method code:

Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) (F061A)
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

isoimperatorin

Composition #7: Youkwan, Juthamanee., Sutthivaiyakit, Somyote., Sutthivaiyakit, Pakawadee. Citrusosides A-D and Furanocoumarins with Cholinesterase Inhibitory Activity from the Fruit Peels of Citrus hystrix. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS, 2010, vol. 73, no. 11, p. 1879–1883. DOI: 10.1021/np100531x. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Fruit peel (as part-nature) (A067G)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

hexane, CH2Cl2
Substance:

oxypeucedanin (RF-00003968-PAR)
Analytical method code:

Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) (F061A)
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

oxypeucedanin

Composition #8: Youkwan, Juthamanee., Sutthivaiyakit, Somyote., Sutthivaiyakit, Pakawadee. Citrusosides A-D and Furanocoumarins with Cholinesterase Inhibitory Activity from the Fruit Peels of Citrus hystrix. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS, 2010, vol. 73, no. 11, p. 1879–1883. DOI: 10.1021/np100531x. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Fruit peel (as part-nature) (A067G)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

hexane, CH2Cl2
Substance:

Bergamottin (RF-00003800-PAR)
Analytical method code:

Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) (F061A)
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

bergomottin

Composition #9: Chinapongtitiwat, Vaniya., Jongaroontaprangsee, Saranya., Chiewchan, Naphaporn., Devahastin, Sakamon. Important flavonoids and limonin in selected Thai citrus residues. JOURNAL OF FUNCTIONAL FOODS, 2013, vol. 5, no. 3, p. 1151–1158. DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2013.03.012. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Fruit unspecified (as part-nature) (A067D)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Drying (dehydration) (A07KG)
Substance:

limonin (RF-00011197-PAR)
Analytical method code:

HPLC-UV (F021A)
Result unit:

Milligram/kilogram (G061A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

160- 228
Internal remarks:

limonin

Composition #10: Berhow, MA., Fong, CH., Hasegawa, S. Limonoid and flavonoid composition in varieties of Papeda and Papedocitrus. BIOCHEMICAL SYSTEMATICS AND ECOLOGY, 1996, vol. 24, no. 3, p. 237–242. DOI: 10.1016/0305-1978(95)00109-3. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Seed (as part-nature) (A066P)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

methanol
Substance:

limonoids limonoids (RF-00004362-PAR)
Analytical method code:

HPLC-UV (F021A)
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

limonoids

Endpoint study #1: PIYACHATURAWAT, P., GLINSUKON, T., CHANJARUNEE, A. ANTIFERTILITY EFFECT OF CITRUS-HYSTRIX DC. journal of ethnopharmacology, 1985, vol. 13, no. 1, p. 105–110. DOI: 10.1016/0378-8741(85)90064-9. [DOI link]

Study relevance:

Human health
Plant part:

Fruit peel (as part-nature) (A067G)
Preparation/Extraction method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional plant/substance description:

95% ethanol
Type of toxicological test:

reproduction toxicity (CHD009TT)
Tested organism:

Rat (as animal) (A0CNV)
Strain of test organism:

Wistar (CHD013ST)
Sex:

Female
Route of exposure:

ORAL: UNSPECIFIED (OECD2234PL)
Exposure duration:

15.0
Unit of exposure duration:

Day (G134A)
Number of organisms dosed:

11
Endpoint measured:

Concentration level (CHD013EP)
Concentration unit:

Gram/kilogram (G015A)
Effect concentration:

0.1
Critical effect:

REPRODUCTIVE (TOX05A)
Target tissue:

urogenital: Uterus (TT052A)
Effect description:

23% anti-implantation effect
Effect or parameter linked to the endpoint:

reproduction (CHD014BE)
Internal remarks:

antifertility: anti-implantation

Endpoint study #2: PIYACHATURAWAT, P., GLINSUKON, T., CHANJARUNEE, A. ANTIFERTILITY EFFECT OF CITRUS-HYSTRIX DC. journal of ethnopharmacology, 1985, vol. 13, no. 1, p. 105–110. DOI: 10.1016/0378-8741(85)90064-9. [DOI link]

Study relevance:

Human health
Plant part:

Fruit peel (as part-nature) (A067G)
Preparation/Extraction method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional plant/substance description:

95% ethanol
Type of toxicological test:

reproduction toxicity (CHD009TT)
Tested organism:

Rat (as animal) (A0CNV)
Strain of test organism:

Wistar (CHD013ST)
Sex:

Female
Route of exposure:

ORAL: UNSPECIFIED (OECD2234PL)
Exposure duration:

12.0
Unit of exposure duration:

Day (G134A)
Number of organisms dosed:

10
Endpoint measured:

Concentration level (CHD013EP)
Concentration unit:

Gram/kilogram (G015A)
Effect concentration:

0.2
Critical effect:

REPRODUCTIVE (TOX05A)
Target tissue:

urogenital: Uterus (TT052A)
Effect description:

38.6% abortion
Effect or parameter linked to the endpoint:

reproduction (CHD014BE)
Internal remarks:

antifertility: abortion

Endpoint study #3: PIYACHATURAWAT, P., GLINSUKON, T., CHANJARUNEE, A. ANTIFERTILITY EFFECT OF CITRUS-HYSTRIX DC. journal of ethnopharmacology, 1985, vol. 13, no. 1, p. 105–110. DOI: 10.1016/0378-8741(85)90064-9. [DOI link]

Study relevance:

Human health
Plant part:

Fruit peel (as part-nature) (A067G)
Preparation/Extraction method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional plant/substance description:

95% ethanol
Type of toxicological test:

acute toxicity (CHD016TT)
Tested organism:

Rat (as animal) (A0CNV)
Strain of test organism:

Wistar (CHD013ST)
Sex:

Female
Route of exposure:

ORAL: UNSPECIFIED (OECD2234PL)
Exposure duration:

1.0
Unit of exposure duration:

Day (G134A)
Number of organisms dosed:

6
Endpoint measured:

Lethal dose rate in 50% of experimental organisms (CHD029EP)
Concentration unit:

Grams per kilogram body weight (G226A)
Effect concentration:

>100
Critical effect:

NONE (TOX14A)
Effect description:

LD50 > 100 g/kg bw (1 out of 6 rats died)
Effect or parameter linked to the endpoint:

mortality (CHD010BE)
Internal remarks:

LD50