EFSA Compendium of Botanicals

Draft - work in progress

Chromolaena odorata (L.) R.M.King & H.Rob. // Eupatorium odoratum L.

Family:: Asteraceae
Approval state:: Approved
Number of articles retrieved:: 1002
Number of processed references:: 5

Compositions

#1: Saponins #2: Alkaloids #3: Cyanogenic glycosides #4: Tannins #5: Phytic acid #6: Unsaturated pyrrolizidine alkaloids #7: Chrysophanol #8: Physcion

Endpoint Studies

#1: Histological inspection of kidney exposed the presence of necrosis, oedema and inflammatory infiltrations as the most important affections in subacute toxicity #2: Histological inspection of liver exposed the presence of necrosis, oedema and inflammatory infiltrations as the most important affections in subacute toxicity #3: nonavailability or deprivation of testosterone to the target organ. decreased relative weight of the testes; increase of the total mean number of sperm cell abnormalities

Genotoxicity

Composition #1: Igboh, M.N., Ikewuchi, J.C., Ikewuchi, C.C. Chemical profile of Chromolaena odorata L. (King and Robinson) leaves. Pakistan Journal of Nutrition, 2009, vol. 8, no. 5, p. 521–524. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Live plants (as part-nature) (A0BA0)
Substance:

Saponins (RF-00004333-PAR)
Analytical method code:

Phytochemical screening (F604A)
Result unit:

Percent (G138A)
Result expression:

Dry matter (B002A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

1.98
Internal remarks:

Saponins

Composition #2: Igboh, M.N., Ikewuchi, J.C., Ikewuchi, C.C. Chemical profile of Chromolaena odorata L. (King and Robinson) leaves. Pakistan Journal of Nutrition, 2009, vol. 8, no. 5, p. 521–524. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Live plants (as part-nature) (A0BA0)
Substance:

Alkaloids (RF-00004360-PAR)
Analytical method code:

Phytochemical screening (F604A)
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

Alkaloids

Composition #3: Igboh, M.N., Ikewuchi, J.C., Ikewuchi, C.C. Chemical profile of Chromolaena odorata L. (King and Robinson) leaves. Pakistan Journal of Nutrition, 2009, vol. 8, no. 5, p. 521–524. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Live plants (as part-nature) (A0BA0)
Substance:

Cyanogenic glycosides (RF-00004375-PAR)
Analytical method code:

Phytochemical screening (F604A)
Result unit:

Percent (G138A)
Result expression:

Dry matter (B002A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

0.13
Internal remarks:

Cyanogenic glycosides

Composition #4: Igboh, M.N., Ikewuchi, J.C., Ikewuchi, C.C. Chemical profile of Chromolaena odorata L. (King and Robinson) leaves. Pakistan Journal of Nutrition, 2009, vol. 8, no. 5, p. 521–524. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Live plants (as part-nature) (A0BA0)
Substance:

Tannins (RF-00004337-PAR)
Analytical method code:

Phytochemical screening (F604A)
Result unit:

Percent (G138A)
Result expression:

Dry matter (B002A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

0.37
Internal remarks:

Tannins

Composition #5: Igboh, M.N., Ikewuchi, J.C., Ikewuchi, C.C. Chemical profile of Chromolaena odorata L. (King and Robinson) leaves. Pakistan Journal of Nutrition, 2009, vol. 8, no. 5, p. 521–524. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Live plants (as part-nature) (A0BA0)
Substance:

phytic acid (RF-00000363-NTR)
Analytical method code:

Phytochemical screening (F604A)
Result unit:

Percent (G138A)
Result expression:

Dry matter (B002A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

0.54
Internal remarks:

Phytic acid

Composition #6: Roeder, E., Wiedenfeld, H. Plants containing pyrrolizidine alkaloids used in the Traditional Indian medicine - Including Ayurveda. pharmazie, 2013, vol. 68, no. 2, p. 83–92. DOI: 10.1691/ph.2013.2706. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Unspecified (A07XD)
Substance:

Unsaturated pyrrolizidine alkaloids (RF-00004340-PAR)
Analytical method code:

Unspecified (F598A)
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

Unsaturated pyrrolizidine alkaloids

Composition #7: Amatya, S., Tuladhar, SM. Eupatoric acid: A novel triterpene from Eupatorium odoratum L. (Asteraceae) . zeitschrift fur naturforschung section b-a journal of chemical sciences, 2005, vol. 60, no. 9, p. 1006–1011. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Roots and other underground parts (as part-nature) (A067M)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

petroleum ether
Substance:

chrysophanol (RF-00003737-PAR)
Analytical method code:

Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) (F061A)
Analytical method - additional description:

Comparison with H NMR, C NMR and MS data
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

Chrysophanol

Composition #8: Amatya, S., Tuladhar, SM. Eupatoric acid: A novel triterpene from Eupatorium odoratum L. (Asteraceae) . zeitschrift fur naturforschung section b-a journal of chemical sciences, 2005, vol. 60, no. 9, p. 1006–1011. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Roots and other underground parts (as part-nature) (A067M)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

petroleum ether
Substance:

physcion (RF-00003993-PAR)
Analytical method code:

Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) (F061A)
Analytical method - additional description:

Comparison with H NMR, C NMR and MS data
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

Physcion

Endpoint study #1: Clement, Taziebou Lienou., Judith, Shang Dzelambon., Anatole, Pieme Constant., Justin, Essia Ngang Jean., Fracois-xavier, Etoa., Blaise, Nkegoum. Toxicological investigation of aqueous extracts of Chromolaena odorata leaves on rats and mice . research journal of biotechnology, 2008, vol. 3, no. 3, p. 46–51. .

Study relevance:

Human health
Plant part:

Leaves (as part-nature) (A0EKT)
Preparation/Extraction method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional plant/substance description:

aqueous extract
Type of toxicological test:

short-term toxicity (CHD017TT)
Tested organism:

Rat (as animal) (A0CNV)
Route of exposure:

ORAL: GAVAGE (OECD2231PL)
Exposure duration:

28.0
Unit of exposure duration:

Day (G134A)
Control groups used:

yes
Endpoint measured:

Dose level (CHD014EP)
Concentration unit:

Micrograms per kilogram body weight per day (G210A)
Effect concentration:

500
Critical effect:

NEPHROTOXICITY (TOX03A)
Target tissue:

urogenital: Kidneys (TT046A)
Effect description:

Histopathological changes in kidney
Effect or parameter linked to the endpoint:

histopathology non neoplastic (CHD025BE)
Internal remarks:

Histological inspection of kidney exposed the presence of necrosis, oedema and inflammatory infiltrations as the most important affections in subacute toxicity

Endpoint study #2: Clement, Taziebou Lienou., Judith, Shang Dzelambon., Anatole, Pieme Constant., Justin, Essia Ngang Jean., Fracois-xavier, Etoa., Blaise, Nkegoum. Toxicological investigation of aqueous extracts of Chromolaena odorata leaves on rats and mice . research journal of biotechnology, 2008, vol. 3, no. 3, p. 46–51. .

Study relevance:

Human health
Plant part:

Leaves (as part-nature) (A0EKT)
Preparation/Extraction method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional plant/substance description:

aqueous extract
Type of toxicological test:

short-term toxicity (CHD017TT)
Tested organism:

Rat (as animal) (A0CNV)
Route of exposure:

ORAL: GAVAGE (OECD2231PL)
Exposure duration:

28.0
Unit of exposure duration:

Day (G134A)
Control groups used:

yes
Endpoint measured:

Dose level (CHD014EP)
Concentration unit:

Micrograms per kilogram body weight per day (G210A)
Effect concentration:

500
Critical effect:

HEPATOTOXICITY (TOX02A)
Target tissue:

digestive: Liver (TT023A)
Effect description:

Histopathological changes in liver
Effect or parameter linked to the endpoint:

histopathology non neoplastic (CHD025BE)
Internal remarks:

Histological inspection of liver exposed the presence of necrosis, oedema and inflammatory infiltrations as the most important affections in subacute toxicity

Endpoint study #3: Yakubu, Musa T. Effect of a 60-Day Oral Gavage of a Crude Alkaloid Extract From Chromolaena odorata Leaves on Hormonal and Spermatogenic Indices of Male Rats. JOURNAL OF ANDROLOGY, 2012, vol. 33, no. 6, p. 1199–1207. DOI: 10.2164/jandrol.111.016287. [DOI link]

Study relevance:

Human health
Substance:

Alkaloids (RF-00004360-PAR)
Plant part:

Leaves (as part-nature) (A0EKT)
Preparation/Extraction method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional plant/substance description:

ethanol
Type of toxicological test:

reproduction toxicity (CHD009TT)
Tested organism:

Rat (as animal) (A0CNV)
Sex:

Male
Route of exposure:

ORAL: GAVAGE (OECD2231PL)
Exposure duration:

60.0
Unit of exposure duration:

Day (G134A)
Number of organisms dosed:

28
Control groups used:

yes
Endpoint measured:

Dose level (CHD014EP)
Concentration unit:

Milligram/kilogram (G061A)
Effect concentration:

1000
Critical effect:

ENDOCRINE (TOX12A)
Target tissue:

urogenital: Testes (TT050A)
Effect description:

nonavailability or deprivation of testosterone to the target organ. decreased relative weight of the testes; increase of the total mean number of sperm cell abnormalities
Effect or parameter linked to the endpoint:

reproduction (CHD014BE)
Internal remarks:

nonavailability or deprivation of testosterone to the target organ. decreased relative weight of the testes; increase of the total mean number of sperm cell abnormalities