EFSA Compendium of Botanicals

Draft - work in progress

Quinoa (as plant) // Chenopodium quinoa Wiild.

Family:: Amaranthaceae
Approval state:: Approved
Number of articles retrieved:: 2346
Number of processed references:: 4

Compositions

#1: Steroidal saponins #2: Saponins #3: Phytic acid

Endpoint Studies

#1: Quinoa saponins enhance the antibody responses to the co-administered proteins, possibly by increasing mucosal permeability.

Genotoxicity

Composition #1: Lopez, Laura M., Capparelli, Aylen., Nielsen, Axel Emil. Traditional post-harvest processing to make quinoa grains (Chenopodium quinoa var. quinoa) apt for consumption in Northern Lipez (Potosi, Bolivia): ethnoarchaeological and archaeobotanical analyses . archaeological and anthropological sciences, 2011, vol. 3, no. 1, p. 49–70. DOI: 10.1007/s12520-011-0060-5. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Seed (as part-nature) (A066P)
Substance:

steroidal saponins (RF-00010818-PAR)
Analytical method code:

Unspecified (F598A)
Result unit:

Percent (G138A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

0.06-5.1
Internal remarks:

Steroidal saponins

Composition #2: Maria Gomez-Caravaca, Ana., Segura-Carretero, Antonio., Fernandez-Gutierrez, Alberto., Caboni, Maria Fiorenza. Simultaneous Determination of Phenolic Compounds and Saponins in Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd) by a Liquid Chromatography-Diode Array Detection-Electrospray Ionization-Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry Methodology . journal of agricultural and food chemistry, 2011, vol. 59, no. 20, p. 10815–10825. DOI: 10.1021/jf202224j. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Seed (as part-nature) (A066P)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

methanol, water, acetic acid
Substance:

Saponins (RF-00004333-PAR)
Analytical method code:

HPLC-DAD (F587A)
Analytical method - additional description:

HPLC-DAD-ESI-TOF-MS Analysis
Result unit:

Percent (G138A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

5.6-7.5
Internal remarks:

Saponins

Composition #3: RUALES, J., NAIR, BM. SAPONINS, PHYTIC ACID, TANNINS AND PROTEASE INHIBITORS IN QUINOA (CHENOPODIUM-QUINOA, WILLD) SEEDS. FOOD CHEMISTRY, 1993, vol. 48, no. 2, p. 137–143. DOI: 10.1016/0308-8146(93)90048-K. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Seed (as part-nature) (A066P)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

Methanol, hydrogen chloride
Substance:

phytic acid (RF-00000363-NTR)
Analytical method code:

High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC)/Liquid Chromatography (LC) (F018A)
Analytical method - additional description:

HPLC
Result unit:

Gram/kilogram (G015A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

10
Internal remarks:

Phytic acid

Endpoint study #1: Estrada, A., Li, B., Laarveld, B. Adjuvant action of Chenopodium guinea saponins on the induction of antibody responses to intragastric and intranasal administered antigens in mice. COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY MICROBIOLOGY AND INFECTIOUS DISEASES, 1998, vol. 21, no. 3, p. 225–236. DOI: 10.1016/S0147-9571(97)00030-1. [DOI link]

Study relevance:

Human health
Substance:

Saponins (RF-00004333-PAR)
Plant part:

Husk (as part-nature) (A166J)
Preparation/Extraction method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional plant/substance description:

distilled water
Type of toxicological test:

short-term toxicity (CHD017TT)
Tested organism:

House mouse (as animal) (A0CNT)
Strain of test organism:

Balb/c (CHD002ST)
Sex:

Female
Route of exposure:

OTHER (OECD0PL)
Exposure duration:

21.0
Unit of exposure duration:

Day (G134A)
Control groups used:

yes
Endpoint measured:

Dose not reported (CHD066EP)
Critical effect:

NONE (TOX14A)
Effect description:

quinoa saponins enhance the antibody responses to the co-administered proteins, possibly by increasing mucosal permeability.
Effect or parameter linked to the endpoint:

immunology (CHD026BE)
Internal remarks:

Quinoa saponins enhance the antibody responses to the co-administered proteins, possibly by increasing mucosal permeability.