EFSA Compendium of Botanicals

Draft - work in progress

Cestrum diurnum L.

Family:: Solanaceae
Approval state:: Approved
Number of articles retrieved:: 135
Number of processed references:: 5

Compositions

#1: nornicotine #2: nicotine #3: Steroidal saponins #4: diurnoside 1

Endpoint Studies

#1: rabbit, calcification of external part of trachea #2: calcinosis of arteries, auricle-ventricular failure, weak aortic tone, negative venous pulse, #3: weight loss and high mortality #4: rabbit, calcification of aorta, pulmonary arteries, heart #5: Hypercalcemia, hypophosphatasemia, osteopenia followed by dystropic calcinosis in lungs, kidneys, heart and blood vessels

Genotoxicity

Composition #1: Halim, A F., Collins, R P., Berigari, M S. Alkaloids produced by Cestrum nocturnum and Cestrum diurnum.. Planta medica, 1971, vol. 20, no. 1, p. 44–53. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Leaves (as part-nature) (A0EKT)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

chloroform
Substance:

nornicotine (RF-00011227-PAR)
Analytical method code:

Standard Chromatographic tests (paper- thin layer- and column chromatography) (F016A)
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

nornicotine

Composition #2: Halim, A F., Collins, R P., Berigari, M S. Alkaloids produced by Cestrum nocturnum and Cestrum diurnum.. Planta medica, 1971, vol. 20, no. 1, p. 44–53. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Leaves (as part-nature) (A0EKT)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

chloroform
Substance:

Nicotine (RF-0809-001-PPP)
Additional substance description:

pyridine alkaloid
Analytical method code:

Standard Chromatographic tests (paper- thin layer- and column chromatography) (F016A)
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

nicotine

Composition #3: Fouad, Mostafa A., Mohamed, Khaled M., Kamel, Mohamed S., Matsunami, Katsuyoshi., Otsuka, Hideaki. Cesdiurins I-III, steroidal saponins from Cestrum diurnum L.. JOURNAL OF NATURAL MEDICINES, 2008, vol. 62, no. 2, p. 168–173. DOI: 10.1007/s11418-007-0211-2. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Leaves (as part-nature) (A0EKT)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

methanol
Substance:

steroidal saponins (RF-00010818-PAR)
Additional substance description:

cesdiurin I
Analytical method code:

Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) (F061A)
Analytical method - additional description:

JEOL JNM a-400 spectrophotometer
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

Steroidal saponins

Composition #4: AHMAD, VU., BAQAI, FT., AHMAD, R. A TIGOGENIN PENTASACCHARIDE FROM CESTRUM-DIURNUM. PHYTOCHEMISTRY, 1993, vol. 34, no. 2, p. 511–515. DOI: 10.1016/S0031-9422(05)80100-1. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Shoot (as part-nature) (A067T)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

methanol
Substance:

diurnoside 1 (RF-00011251-PAR)
Analytical method code:

Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) (F061A)
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

diurnoside 1

Endpoint study #1: Marrero, E., Aparicio, M., Figueredo, M. A., Bulnes, C., Sanchez, L. M., Palenzuela, I., Durand, R., Stewart, C. S., Pennycott, T. W. Common natural and experimental plant intoxications in animals reported in Cuba. Poisonous Plants and Related Toxins, [Papers presented at the International Symposium of Poisonous Plants], 6th, Glasgow, United Kingdom, Aug., 2001, 2004, p. 335–340. .

Study relevance:

Animal (target species) health
Plant part:

Leaves (as part-nature) (A0EKT)
Preparation/Extraction method:

Drying (dehydration) (A07KG)
Additional plant/substance description:

dihydroxycalciferol
Type of toxicological test:

short-term toxicity (CHD017TT)
Tested organism:

Rabbit (as animal) (A057T)
Sex:

No data
Route of exposure:

ORAL: FEED (OECD2230PL)
Exposure duration:

14.0
Unit of exposure duration:

Day (G134A)
Number of organisms dosed:

6
Control groups used:

no
Endpoint measured:

Dose level (CHD014EP)
Concentration unit:

Gramm/daily portion (G173A)
Effect concentration:

<=1
Critical effect:

PULMONARY AND CARDIAC (TOX08A)
Target tissue:

Respiratory (TT005A)
Effect description:

calcification of external part of trachea
Effect or parameter linked to the endpoint:

gross pathology (CHD022BE)
Internal remarks:

rabbit, calcification of external part of trachea

Endpoint study #2: Marrero, E., Aparicio, M., Figueredo, M. A., Bulnes, C., Sanchez, L. M., Palenzuela, I., Durand, R., Stewart, C. S., Pennycott, T. W. Common natural and experimental plant intoxications in animals reported in Cuba. Poisonous Plants and Related Toxins, [Papers presented at the International Symposium of Poisonous Plants], 6th, Glasgow, United Kingdom, Aug., 2001, 2004, p. 335–340. .

Study relevance:

Animal (target species) health
Plant part:

Aerial part of plants (as part-nature) (A166F)
Preparation/Extraction method:

Fresh (A166Y)
Additional plant/substance description:

caused by a substance with a function similar to vitamin D3
Type of toxicological test:

case report (CHD060TT)
Tested organism:

Cattle (as animal) (A057E)
Strain of test organism:

Holstein (CHD019ST)
Sex:

No data
Route of exposure:

ORAL: FEED (OECD2230PL)
Number of organisms dosed:

12
Control groups used:

no
Endpoint measured:

Dose not reported (CHD066EP)
Critical effect:

SYSTEMIC (TOX01A)
Target tissue:

cardiovascular / haematological: Heart (TT011A)
Effect description:

calcinosis of arteries, auricle-ventricular failure, weak aortic tone, negative venous pulse,
Effect or parameter linked to the endpoint:

gross pathology (CHD022BE)
Internal remarks:

calcinosis of arteries, auricle-ventricular failure, weak aortic tone, negative venous pulse,

Endpoint study #3: Marrero, E., Aparicio, M., Figueredo, M. A., Bulnes, C., Sanchez, L. M., Palenzuela, I., Durand, R., Stewart, C. S., Pennycott, T. W. Common natural and experimental plant intoxications in animals reported in Cuba. Poisonous Plants and Related Toxins, [Papers presented at the International Symposium of Poisonous Plants], 6th, Glasgow, United Kingdom, Aug., 2001, 2004, p. 335–340. .

Study relevance:

Animal (target species) health
Plant part:

Aerial part of plants (as part-nature) (A166F)
Preparation/Extraction method:

Fresh (A166Y)
Additional plant/substance description:

dihydroxycalciferol
Type of toxicological test:

case report (CHD060TT)
Tested organism:

Cattle (as animal) (A057E)
Strain of test organism:

Holstein (CHD019ST)
Sex:

No data
Route of exposure:

ORAL: FEED (OECD2230PL)
Number of organisms dosed:

12
Control groups used:

no
Endpoint measured:

Dose not reported (CHD066EP)
Critical effect:

SYSTEMIC (TOX01A)
Target tissue:

Digestive (TT002A)
Effect description:

weight loss and high mortality
Effect or parameter linked to the endpoint:

mortality (CHD010BE)
Internal remarks:

weight loss and high mortality

Endpoint study #4: Marrero, E., Aparicio, M., Figueredo, M. A., Bulnes, C., Sanchez, L. M., Palenzuela, I., Durand, R., Stewart, C. S., Pennycott, T. W. Common natural and experimental plant intoxications in animals reported in Cuba. Poisonous Plants and Related Toxins, [Papers presented at the International Symposium of Poisonous Plants], 6th, Glasgow, United Kingdom, Aug., 2001, 2004, p. 335–340. .

Study relevance:

Animal (target species) health
Plant part:

Leaves (as part-nature) (A0EKT)
Preparation/Extraction method:

Drying (dehydration) (A07KG)
Type of toxicological test:

short-term toxicity (CHD017TT)
Tested organism:

Rabbit (as animal) (A057T)
Sex:

No data
Route of exposure:

ORAL: FEED (OECD2230PL)
Exposure duration:

14.0
Unit of exposure duration:

Day (G134A)
Number of organisms dosed:

6
Control groups used:

no
Endpoint measured:

Dose level (CHD014EP)
Concentration unit:

Gramm/daily portion (G173A)
Effect concentration:

<=1
Critical effect:

PULMONARY AND CARDIAC (TOX08A)
Target tissue:

Cardiovascular / Haematological (TT001A)
Effect description:

calcification of aorta, pulmonary arteries, heart,
Effect or parameter linked to the endpoint:

gross pathology (CHD022BE)
Internal remarks:

rabbit, calcification of aorta, pulmonary arteries, heart

Endpoint study #5: KASALI, OB., KROOK, L., POND, WG., WASSERMAN, RH. CESTRUM-DIURNUM INTOXICATION IN NORMAL AND HYPER-PARATHYROID PIGS. cornell veterinarian, 1977, vol. 67, no. 2, p. 190–221. [abstract]

Study relevance:

Animal (target species) health
Plant part:

Leaves (as part-nature) (A0EKT)
Preparation/Extraction method:

Drying (dehydration) (A07KG)
Type of toxicological test:

subchronic (CHD013TT)
Tested organism:

Pig (as animal) (A057F)
Sex:

No data
Route of exposure:

ORAL: FEED (OECD2230PL)
Exposure duration:

10.0
Unit of exposure duration:

Week (G205A)
Control groups used:

no data
Endpoint measured:

Concentration level (CHD013EP)
Concentration unit:

Percent (G138A)
Effect concentration:

3
Critical effect:

MUSCLO-SKELETAL (TOX13A)
Target tissue:

Muscle, Skeletal (TT055A)
Effect description:

Hypercalcemia, hypophosphatasemia, osteopenia followed by dystropic calcinosis in lungs, kidneys, heart and blood vessels
Effect or parameter linked to the endpoint:

gross pathology (CHD022BE)
Internal remarks:

Hypercalcemia, hypophosphatasemia, osteopenia followed by dystropic calcinosis in lungs, kidneys, heart and blood vessels