EFSA Compendium of Botanicals

Draft - work in progress

Asiatic pennywort (as plant) // Centella asiatica ( L.) Urb.

Family:: Apiaceae
Approval state:: Approved
Number of articles retrieved:: 2984
Number of processed references:: 5

Compositions

#1: Alkaloids #2: Polyacetylene derivatives #3: condensed tannins #4: saponins #5: alkaloids

Endpoint Studies

#1: Hepatic lesions #2: hepatotoxicity #3: a-amylase inhibition #4: maltase inhibition #5: sucrase inhibition #6: reduced sperm count and mobility, sperm viability decreased #7: The weights of testes decreased significantly in experimental groups compared to the control group

Genotoxicity

Composition #1: Chong, N.J., Aziz, Z. A systematic review on the chemical constituents of Centella asiatica. research journal of pharmaceutical, biological and chemical sciences, 2011, vol. 2, no. 3, p. 445–459. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Leaves (as part-nature) (A0EKT)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

unspecified
Substance:

Alkaloids (RF-00004360-PAR)
Analytical method code:

Unspecified (F598A)
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

Alkaloids

Composition #2: Chong, N.J., Aziz, Z. A systematic review on the chemical constituents of Centella asiatica. research journal of pharmaceutical, biological and chemical sciences, 2011, vol. 2, no. 3, p. 445–459. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Live plants (as part-nature) (A0BA0)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

unspecified
Substance:

polyacetylene derivatives polyacetylene derivatives (RF-00004332-PAR)
Analytical method code:

Unspecified (F598A)
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

Polyacetylene derivatives

Composition #3: Adisakwattana, Sirichai., Jiphimai, Pariwat., Prutanopajai, Pornsawan., Chanathong, Benjanut., Sapwarobol, Suwimol., Ariyapitipan, Tipayanate. Evaluation of alpha-glucosidase, alpha-amylase and protein glycation inhibitory activities of edible plants . international journal of food sciences and nutrition, 2010, vol. 61, no. 3, p. 295–305. DOI: 10.3109/09637480903455963. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Leaves (as part-nature) (A0EKT)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

aqueous solution
Substance:

Proanthocyanidins (condensed tannins) Proanthocyanidins (condensed tannins) (RF-00004370-PAR)
Substance used for equivalence:

Catechin (RF-00010400-PAR)
Analytical method code:

Unspecified (F598A)
Analytical method - additional description:

vanillin and sulfuric acid reaction
Result unit:

Milligram/gram (G060A)
Result expression:

Dry matter (B002A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

97.2
Internal remarks:

condensed tannins

Composition #4: Heidari, Mahnaz., Heidari-Vala, Hamed., Sadeghi, Mohammad Reza., Akhondi, Mohammad Mehdi. The inductive effects of Centella asiatica on rat spermatogenic cell apoptosis in vivo . journal of natural medicines, 2012, vol. 66, no. 2, p. 271–278. DOI: 10.1007/s11418-011-0578-y. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Unspecified (A07XD)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

unspecified
Substance:

Saponins (RF-00004333-PAR)
Additional substance description:

centellasaponin
Analytical method code:

Unspecified (F598A)
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

saponins

Composition #5: Heidari, Mahnaz., Heidari-Vala, Hamed., Sadeghi, Mohammad Reza., Akhondi, Mohammad Mehdi. The inductive effects of Centella asiatica on rat spermatogenic cell apoptosis in vivo . journal of natural medicines, 2012, vol. 66, no. 2, p. 271–278. DOI: 10.1007/s11418-011-0578-y. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Unspecified (A07XD)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

unspecified
Substance:

Alkaloids (RF-00004360-PAR)
Analytical method code:

Unspecified (F598A)
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

alkaloids

Endpoint study #1: Jorge, OA., Jorge, AD. Hepatotoxicity associated with the ingestion of Centella asiatica. revista espanola de enfermedades digestivas, 2005, vol. 97, no. 2, p. 115–120. .

Study relevance:

Human health
Substance:

Triterpene saponins Triterpene saponins (RF-00004338-PAR)
Additional plant/substance description:

Ingestion of Centella asiatica tablets
Type of toxicological test:

case report (CHD060TT)
Tested organism:

Human (as organism) (A056J)
Sex:

Female
Route of exposure:

ORAL: CAPSULE (OECD2228PL)
Exposure duration:

2.0
Unit of exposure duration:

Week (G205A)
Number of organisms dosed:

3
Control groups used:

no
Endpoint measured:

Dose not reported (CHD066EP)
Critical effect:

HEPATOTOXICITY (TOX02A)
Target tissue:

digestive: Liver (TT023A)
Effect description:

hepatic lesions
Effect or parameter linked to the endpoint:

histopathology non neoplastic (CHD025BE)
Internal remarks:

Hepatic lesions

Endpoint study #2: Chitturi, Shivakumar., Farrell, Geoffrey C. Hepatotoxic slimming aids and other herbal hepatotoxins. journal of gastroenterology and hepatology, 2008, vol. 23, no. 3, p. 366–373. DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1746.2008.05310.x. [DOI link]

Study relevance:

Human health
Plant part:

Unspecified (A07XD)
Additional plant/substance description:

Ayurvedic preparation
Type of toxicological test:

case report (CHD060TT)
Tested organism:

Human (as organism) (A056J)
Sex:

Female
Route of exposure:

ORAL: UNSPECIFIED (OECD2234PL)
Exposure duration:

3.0
Unit of exposure duration:

Week (G205A)
Number of organisms dosed:

3
Control groups used:

no
Endpoint measured:

Dose not reported (CHD066EP)
Critical effect:

HEPATOTOXICITY (TOX02A)
Target tissue:

digestive: Liver (TT023A)
Effect description:

granulomatous hepatitis, chronic hepatitis with cirrhotic transformation
Effect or parameter linked to the endpoint:

histopathology non neoplastic (CHD025BE)
Internal remarks:

hepatotoxicity

Endpoint study #3: Adisakwattana, Sirichai., Jiphimai, Pariwat., Prutanopajai, Pornsawan., Chanathong, Benjanut., Sapwarobol, Suwimol., Ariyapitipan, Tipayanate. Evaluation of alpha-glucosidase, alpha-amylase and protein glycation inhibitory activities of edible plants . international journal of food sciences and nutrition, 2010, vol. 61, no. 3, p. 295–305. DOI: 10.3109/09637480903455963. [DOI link]

Study relevance:

Human health
Plant part:

Leaves (as part-nature) (A0EKT)
Preparation/Extraction method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional plant/substance description:

H2O
Type of toxicological test:

in vitro (CHD061TT)
Endpoint measured:

Half maximal inhibitory concentration (CHD021EP)
Concentration unit:

Milligram/millilitre (G191A)
Effect concentration:

0.49- 0.67
Critical effect:

Digestive (TOX18A)
Target tissue:

digestive: Pancreas (TT024A)
Effect description:

a-amylase inhibition
Effect or parameter linked to the endpoint:

enzyme inhibition (CHD032BE)
Internal remarks:

a-amylase inhibition

Endpoint study #4: Adisakwattana, Sirichai., Jiphimai, Pariwat., Prutanopajai, Pornsawan., Chanathong, Benjanut., Sapwarobol, Suwimol., Ariyapitipan, Tipayanate. Evaluation of alpha-glucosidase, alpha-amylase and protein glycation inhibitory activities of edible plants . international journal of food sciences and nutrition, 2010, vol. 61, no. 3, p. 295–305. DOI: 10.3109/09637480903455963. [DOI link]

Study relevance:

Human health
Plant part:

Leaves (as part-nature) (A0EKT)
Preparation/Extraction method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional plant/substance description:

H2O
Type of toxicological test:

in vitro (CHD061TT)
Endpoint measured:

Half maximal inhibitory concentration (CHD021EP)
Concentration unit:

Milligram/millilitre (G191A)
Effect concentration:

1.08- 1.24
Critical effect:

Digestive (TOX18A)
Target tissue:

Digestive (TT002A)
Effect description:

maltase inhibition
Effect or parameter linked to the endpoint:

enzyme inhibition (CHD032BE)
Internal remarks:

maltase inhibition

Endpoint study #5: Adisakwattana, Sirichai., Jiphimai, Pariwat., Prutanopajai, Pornsawan., Chanathong, Benjanut., Sapwarobol, Suwimol., Ariyapitipan, Tipayanate. Evaluation of alpha-glucosidase, alpha-amylase and protein glycation inhibitory activities of edible plants . international journal of food sciences and nutrition, 2010, vol. 61, no. 3, p. 295–305. DOI: 10.3109/09637480903455963. [DOI link]

Study relevance:

Human health
Plant part:

Leaves (as part-nature) (A0EKT)
Preparation/Extraction method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional plant/substance description:

H2O
Type of toxicological test:

in vitro (CHD061TT)
Endpoint measured:

Half maximal inhibitory concentration (CHD021EP)
Concentration unit:

Milligram/millilitre (G191A)
Effect concentration:

1.32- 1.42
Critical effect:

Digestive (TOX18A)
Target tissue:

Digestive (TT002A)
Effect description:

sucrase inhibition
Effect or parameter linked to the endpoint:

enzyme inhibition (CHD032BE)
Internal remarks:

sucrase inhibition

Endpoint study #6: Heidari, Mahnaz., Heidari-Vala, Hamed., Sadeghi, Mohammad Reza., Akhondi, Mohammad Mehdi. The inductive effects of Centella asiatica on rat spermatogenic cell apoptosis in vivo . journal of natural medicines, 2012, vol. 66, no. 2, p. 271–278. DOI: 10.1007/s11418-011-0578-y. [DOI link]

Study relevance:

Human health
Plant part:

Leaves (as part-nature) (A0EKT)
Preparation/Extraction method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional plant/substance description:

EtOH extract
Type of toxicological test:

reproduction toxicity (CHD009TT)
Limit test:

Yes
Guideline used:

No guideline followed
Tested organism:

Rat (as animal) (A0CNV)
Strain of test organism:

Wistar (CHD013ST)
Sex:

Male
Route of exposure:

ORAL: DRINKING WATER (OECD2229PL)
Exposure duration:

8.0
Unit of exposure duration:

Week (G205A)
Number of organisms dosed:

8
Control groups used:

yes
Endpoint measured:

Dose level (CHD014EP)
Concentration unit:

Milligram/kilogram (G061A)
Effect concentration:

10-100
Critical effect:

REPRODUCTIVE (TOX05A)
Target tissue:

urogenital: Testes (TT050A)
Effect description:

reduced sperm count and mobility, sperm viability decreased
Effect or parameter linked to the endpoint:

reproduction (CHD014BE)
Internal remarks:

reduced sperm count and mobility, sperm viability decreased

Endpoint study #7: Heidari, Mahnaz., Heidari-Vala, Hamed., Sadeghi, Mohammad Reza., Akhondi, Mohammad Mehdi. The inductive effects of Centella asiatica on rat spermatogenic cell apoptosis in vivo . journal of natural medicines, 2012, vol. 66, no. 2, p. 271–278. DOI: 10.1007/s11418-011-0578-y. [DOI link]

Study relevance:

Human health
Plant part:

Leaves (as part-nature) (A0EKT)
Preparation/Extraction method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional plant/substance description:

EtOH extract
Type of toxicological test:

reproduction toxicity (CHD009TT)
Limit test:

Yes
Guideline used:

No guideline followed
Tested organism:

Rat (as animal) (A0CNV)
Strain of test organism:

Wistar (CHD013ST)
Sex:

Male
Route of exposure:

ORAL: DRINKING WATER (OECD2229PL)
Exposure duration:

8.0
Unit of exposure duration:

Week (G205A)
Number of organisms dosed:

8
Control groups used:

yes
Endpoint measured:

Dose level (CHD014EP)
Concentration unit:

Milligram/kilogram (G061A)
Effect concentration:

50-100
Critical effect:

REPRODUCTIVE (TOX05A)
Target tissue:

urogenital: Testes (TT050A)
Effect description:

decreased weight of testes
Effect or parameter linked to the endpoint:

organ weights (CHD012BE)
Internal remarks:

The weights of testes decreased significantly in experimental groups compared to the control group