EFSA Compendium of Botanicals

Draft - work in progress

Centaurea benedicta (L.) L. // Cnicus benedictus L.

Family:: Asteraceae
Approval state:: Approved
Number of articles retrieved:: 141
Number of processed references:: 4

Compositions

#1: trachelogenin (lignan) #2: cnicin (sesquiterpene lactone) #3: polyacetylenes #4: absinthin (sesquiterpene lactone) #5: nortracheloside (lignan) #6: fenchone #7: cinnamaldehyde #8: salonitenolide (sesquiterpene lactone) #9: cnicin (sesquiterpene lactone) #10: arctigenin (lignans) #11: arctiin (lignans) #12: matairesinol (lignans)

Endpoint Studies

#1: antagonist to platelet-activating factor (PAF), hematology, increasing bleeding risk #2: gastric irritation, vomiting #3: porcine pancreatic lipase inhibition

Genotoxicity

Composition #1: Ulbricht, Catherine., Basch, Ethan., Dacey, Cynthia., Dith, Sophanna., Hammerness, Paul., Hashmi, Sadaf., Seamon, Erica., Vora, Mamta., Weissner, Wendy. An Evidence-Based Systematic Review of Blessed Thistle (Cnicus benedictus) by the Natural Standard Research Collaboration. Journal of Dietary Supplements, 2008, vol. 5, no. 4, p. 422–437. DOI: 10.1080/19390210802519754. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Aerial part of plants (as part-nature) (A166F)
Substance:

Trachelogenin (RF-00011081-PAR)
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

trachelogenin (lignan)

Composition #2: Ulbricht, Catherine., Basch, Ethan., Dacey, Cynthia., Dith, Sophanna., Hammerness, Paul., Hashmi, Sadaf., Seamon, Erica., Vora, Mamta., Weissner, Wendy. An Evidence-Based Systematic Review of Blessed Thistle (Cnicus benedictus) by the Natural Standard Research Collaboration. Journal of Dietary Supplements, 2008, vol. 5, no. 4, p. 422–437. DOI: 10.1080/19390210802519754. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Aerial part of plants (as part-nature) (A166F)
Substance:

cnicin (RF-00011353-PAR)
Result unit:

Percent (G138A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

0.2-0.7
Internal remarks:

cnicin (sesquiterpene lactone)

Composition #3: Ulbricht, Catherine., Basch, Ethan., Dacey, Cynthia., Dith, Sophanna., Hammerness, Paul., Hashmi, Sadaf., Seamon, Erica., Vora, Mamta., Weissner, Wendy. An Evidence-Based Systematic Review of Blessed Thistle (Cnicus benedictus) by the Natural Standard Research Collaboration. Journal of Dietary Supplements, 2008, vol. 5, no. 4, p. 422–437. DOI: 10.1080/19390210802519754. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Unspecified (A07XD)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Substance:

polyacetylene derivatives polyacetylene derivatives (RF-00004332-PAR)
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

polyacetylenes

Composition #4: Ulbricht, Catherine., Basch, Ethan., Dacey, Cynthia., Dith, Sophanna., Hammerness, Paul., Hashmi, Sadaf., Seamon, Erica., Vora, Mamta., Weissner, Wendy. An Evidence-Based Systematic Review of Blessed Thistle (Cnicus benedictus) by the Natural Standard Research Collaboration. Journal of Dietary Supplements, 2008, vol. 5, no. 4, p. 422–437. DOI: 10.1080/19390210802519754. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Aerial part of plants (as part-nature) (A166F)
Substance:

Absinthin (RF-00010899-PAR)
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

absinthin (sesquiterpene lactone)

Composition #5: Ulbricht, Catherine., Basch, Ethan., Dacey, Cynthia., Dith, Sophanna., Hammerness, Paul., Hashmi, Sadaf., Seamon, Erica., Vora, Mamta., Weissner, Wendy. An Evidence-Based Systematic Review of Blessed Thistle (Cnicus benedictus) by the Natural Standard Research Collaboration. Journal of Dietary Supplements, 2008, vol. 5, no. 4, p. 422–437. DOI: 10.1080/19390210802519754. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Aerial part of plants (as part-nature) (A166F)
Substance:

Nortracheloside (RF-00011082-PAR)
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

nortracheloside (lignan)

Composition #6: Ulbricht, Catherine., Basch, Ethan., Dacey, Cynthia., Dith, Sophanna., Hammerness, Paul., Hashmi, Sadaf., Seamon, Erica., Vora, Mamta., Weissner, Wendy. An Evidence-Based Systematic Review of Blessed Thistle (Cnicus benedictus) by the Natural Standard Research Collaboration. Journal of Dietary Supplements, 2008, vol. 5, no. 4, p. 422–437. DOI: 10.1080/19390210802519754. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Aerial part of plants (as part-nature) (A166F)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Essential oil (as part-nature) (A166Q)
Substance:

fenchone (RF-00003814-PAR)
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

fenchone

Composition #7: Ulbricht, Catherine., Basch, Ethan., Dacey, Cynthia., Dith, Sophanna., Hammerness, Paul., Hashmi, Sadaf., Seamon, Erica., Vora, Mamta., Weissner, Wendy. An Evidence-Based Systematic Review of Blessed Thistle (Cnicus benedictus) by the Natural Standard Research Collaboration. Journal of Dietary Supplements, 2008, vol. 5, no. 4, p. 422–437. DOI: 10.1080/19390210802519754. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Aerial part of plants (as part-nature) (A166F)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Essential oil (as part-nature) (A166Q)
Substance:

cinnamaldehyde (RF-00003742-PAR)
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

cinnamaldehyde

Composition #8: Ulbricht, Catherine., Basch, Ethan., Dacey, Cynthia., Dith, Sophanna., Hammerness, Paul., Hashmi, Sadaf., Seamon, Erica., Vora, Mamta., Weissner, Wendy. An Evidence-Based Systematic Review of Blessed Thistle (Cnicus benedictus) by the Natural Standard Research Collaboration. Journal of Dietary Supplements, 2008, vol. 5, no. 4, p. 422–437. DOI: 10.1080/19390210802519754. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Unspecified (A07XD)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Substance:

Salonitenolide (RF-00010914-PAR)
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

salonitenolide (sesquiterpene lactone)

Composition #9: Bloszyk, E., Geppert, B., Drozdz, Bohdan. Sesquiterpene lactones of the Compositae. Part XX. Quantitative determination of sesquiterpene lactones in plant material by infrared spectroscopy. Planta Medica, 1978, p. 79–86. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Aerial part of plants (as part-nature) (A166F)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

methanol + chloroform
Substance:

cnicin (RF-00011353-PAR)
Analytical method code:

IR and Raman Spectroscopy (F010A)
Result unit:

Percent (G138A)
Result expression:

Dry matter (B002A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

0.63
Internal remarks:

cnicin (sesquiterpene lactone)

Composition #10: Solyomvary, Anna., Toth, Gergo., Kraszni, Marta., Noszal, Bela., Molnar-Perl, Ibolya., Boldizsar, Imre. Identification and quantification of lignans and sesquilignans in the fruits of Cnicus benedictus L.: Quantitative chromatographic and spectroscopic approaches. MICROCHEMICAL JOURNAL, 2014, vol. 114, p. 238–246. DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2014.01.009. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Fruit unspecified (as part-nature) (A067D)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

methanol
Substance:

Arctigenin (RF-00011084-PAR)
Analytical method code:

GC-MS (F046A)
Result unit:

Millimol/100 Gramm (G193A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

0.051
Internal remarks:

arctigenin (lignans)

Composition #11: Solyomvary, Anna., Toth, Gergo., Kraszni, Marta., Noszal, Bela., Molnar-Perl, Ibolya., Boldizsar, Imre. Identification and quantification of lignans and sesquilignans in the fruits of Cnicus benedictus L.: Quantitative chromatographic and spectroscopic approaches. MICROCHEMICAL JOURNAL, 2014, vol. 114, p. 238–246. DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2014.01.009. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Fruit unspecified (as part-nature) (A067D)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

methanol
Substance:

Arctiin (RF-00011083-PAR)
Analytical method code:

GC-MS (F046A)
Analytical method - additional description:

Calculated for the whole fruit
Result unit:

Millimol/100 Gramm (G193A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

4.40
Internal remarks:

arctiin (lignans)

Composition #12: Solyomvary, Anna., Toth, Gergo., Kraszni, Marta., Noszal, Bela., Molnar-Perl, Ibolya., Boldizsar, Imre. Identification and quantification of lignans and sesquilignans in the fruits of Cnicus benedictus L.: Quantitative chromatographic and spectroscopic approaches. MICROCHEMICAL JOURNAL, 2014, vol. 114, p. 238–246. DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2014.01.009. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Fruit unspecified (as part-nature) (A067D)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

methanol
Substance:

matairesinol (RF-00000331-NTR)
Analytical method code:

GC-MS (F046A)
Result unit:

Millimol/100 Gramm (G193A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

1.33
Internal remarks:

matairesinol (lignans)

Endpoint study #1: Ulbricht, Catherine., Basch, Ethan., Dacey, Cynthia., Dith, Sophanna., Hammerness, Paul., Hashmi, Sadaf., Seamon, Erica., Vora, Mamta., Weissner, Wendy. An Evidence-Based Systematic Review of Blessed Thistle (Cnicus benedictus) by the Natural Standard Research Collaboration. Journal of Dietary Supplements, 2008, vol. 5, no. 4, p. 422–437. DOI: 10.1080/19390210802519754. [DOI link]

Study relevance:

Human health
Plant part:

Aerial part of plants (as part-nature) (A166F)
Type of toxicological test:

not reported (CHD015TT)
Tested organism:

Human (as organism) (A056J)
Sex:

No data
Route of exposure:

ORAL: UNSPECIFIED (OECD2234PL)
Control groups used:

no
Endpoint measured:

Dose not reported (CHD066EP)
Critical effect:

HEMOPOIETIC (TOX10A)
Target tissue:

Cardiovascular / Haematological (TT001A)
Effect description:

antagonist to platelet-activating factor (PAF), increasing bleeding risk
Effect or parameter linked to the endpoint:

haematology (CHD023BE)
Internal remarks:

antagonist to platelet-activating factor (PAF), hematology, increasing bleeding risk

Endpoint study #2: Ulbricht, Catherine., Basch, Ethan., Dacey, Cynthia., Dith, Sophanna., Hammerness, Paul., Hashmi, Sadaf., Seamon, Erica., Vora, Mamta., Weissner, Wendy. An Evidence-Based Systematic Review of Blessed Thistle (Cnicus benedictus) by the Natural Standard Research Collaboration. Journal of Dietary Supplements, 2008, vol. 5, no. 4, p. 422–437. DOI: 10.1080/19390210802519754. [DOI link]

Study relevance:

Human health
Plant part:

Aerial part of plants (as part-nature) (A166F)
Preparation/Extraction method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional plant/substance description:

water extract
Type of toxicological test:

case report (CHD060TT)
Tested organism:

Human (as organism) (A056J)
Sex:

No data
Route of exposure:

ORAL: UNSPECIFIED (OECD2234PL)
Control groups used:

no
Endpoint measured:

Dose level (CHD014EP)
Concentration unit:

Gram (G148A)
Effect concentration:

>5
Critical effect:

Digestive (TOX18A)
Target tissue:

digestive: Stomach (TT027A)
Effect description:

gastric irritation, vomiting
Effect or parameter linked to the endpoint:

food consumption (CHD007BE)
Internal remarks:

gastric irritation, vomiting

Endpoint study #3: Slanc, Petra., Doljak, Bojan., Kreft, Samo., Lunder, Mojca., Janes, Damjan., Strukelj, Borut. Screening of selected food and medicinal plant extracts for pancreatic lipase inhibition. Phytotherapy Research, 2009, p. 874–877. .

Study relevance:

Human health
Plant part:

Aerial part of plants (as part-nature) (A166F)
Preparation/Extraction method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Type of toxicological test:

in vitro (CHD061TT)
Limit test:

Not applicable
Sex:

No data
Route of exposure:

OTHER (OECD0PL)
Control groups used:

no data
Endpoint measured:

Enzyme inhibition (CHD067EP)
Concentration unit:

Percent (G138A)
Effect concentration:

40-70
Critical effect:

Digestive (TOX18A)
Target tissue:

digestive: Pancreas (TT024A)
Effect description:

porcine pancreatic lipase inhibition
Effect or parameter linked to the endpoint:

enzyme inhibition (CHD032BE)
Internal remarks:

porcine pancreatic lipase inhibition