EFSA Compendium of Botanicals

Draft - work in progress

Papaya (as plant) // Carica papaya L.

Family:: Caricaceae
Approval state:: Approved
Number of articles retrieved:: 8849
Number of processed references:: 7

Compositions

#1: Crude alkaloids in leaves #2: Emodins in fruit #3: Alkaloids in fruit #4: Coumarins in fruit #5: Tannins in leaves #6: Alkaloids in leaves #7: Saponins in leaves

Endpoint Studies

#1: Hepatotoxicity (increased biochemical markers) in male rats treated for 14 days #2: Reproductive toxicity (spermatogenesis and testes) in male rats #3: Reproductive toxicity in female rats #4: Abortifacient activity of seeds in humans and animals (review) #5: Hepatotoxicity in mice #6: Reproductive effects of seed extract in male rats

Genotoxicity

#1: Genotoxicity (DNA damage - comet assay) in human lymphocytes

Composition #1: Handayani, L., Faridah, D.N., Kusumaningrum, H.D. Staphylococcal enterotoxin a gene-carrying Staphylococcus aureus isolated from foods and its control by crude alkaloid from papaya leaves. journal of food protection, 2014, vol. 77, no. 11, p. 1992–1997. DOI: 10.4315/0362-028X.JFP-13-483. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Leaves (as part-nature) (A0EKT)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

400 ml sodium dodecasulfate, sonication, followed by water and acidification. Alkaloids precipitate extracted with CHCl3
Substance:

Alkaloids (RF-00004360-PAR)
Analytical method code:

Unspecified (F598A)
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

Crude alkaloids in leaves

Composition #2: Gupta, A., Sharma, S., Verma, H.K., Tyagi, D.S., Mishra, P.K., Patra, P.K. Phytochemical characterization of twelve medicinal plants used for sickle cell disease management in chhattisgarh. international journal of pharma and bio sciences, 2015, vol. 6, no. 2, p. B1062–B1070. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Fruit unspecified (as part-nature) (A067D)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

aqueous
Substance:

Emodin (RF-00003798-PAR)
Additional substance description:

"emodins"
Analytical method code:

Phytochemical screening (F604A)
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

Emodins in fruit

Composition #3: Gupta, A., Sharma, S., Verma, H.K., Tyagi, D.S., Mishra, P.K., Patra, P.K. Phytochemical characterization of twelve medicinal plants used for sickle cell disease management in chhattisgarh. international journal of pharma and bio sciences, 2015, vol. 6, no. 2, p. B1062–B1070. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Fruit unspecified (as part-nature) (A067D)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

aqueous
Substance:

Alkaloids (RF-00004360-PAR)
Analytical method code:

Traditional analytical techniques (wet chemical tests) (F003A)
Result unit:

Percent (G138A)
Result expression:

Whole weight (B001A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

5.40
Internal remarks:

Alkaloids in fruit

Composition #4: Gupta, A., Sharma, S., Verma, H.K., Tyagi, D.S., Mishra, P.K., Patra, P.K. Phytochemical characterization of twelve medicinal plants used for sickle cell disease management in chhattisgarh. international journal of pharma and bio sciences, 2015, vol. 6, no. 2, p. B1062–B1070. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Fruit unspecified (as part-nature) (A067D)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

aqueous
Substance:

coumarins (RF-00004351-PAR)
Analytical method code:

Phytochemical screening (F604A)
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

Coumarins in fruit

Composition #5: Luiz, Tatiane Cordeiro., Simoes da Cunha, Ana Paula., Aguiar, Danilo Henrique., Sugui, Marina Mariko., Bicudo, Rogerio de Campos., Sinhorin, Adilson Paulo., Gindri Sinhorin, Valeria Dornelles. Antioxidant potential of Carica papaya Linn (Caricaceae) leaf extract in mice with cyclophosphamide induced oxidative stress. scientia medica, 2020, vol. 30, no. 1 . DOI: 10.15448/1980-6108.2020.1.34702. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Leaves (as part-nature) (A0EKT)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

water
Substance:

Tannins (RF-00004337-PAR)
Analytical method code:

Phytochemical screening (F604A)
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

Tannins in leaves

Composition #6: Luiz, Tatiane Cordeiro., Simoes da Cunha, Ana Paula., Aguiar, Danilo Henrique., Sugui, Marina Mariko., Bicudo, Rogerio de Campos., Sinhorin, Adilson Paulo., Gindri Sinhorin, Valeria Dornelles. Antioxidant potential of Carica papaya Linn (Caricaceae) leaf extract in mice with cyclophosphamide induced oxidative stress. scientia medica, 2020, vol. 30, no. 1 . DOI: 10.15448/1980-6108.2020.1.34702. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Leaves (as part-nature) (A0EKT)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

water
Substance:

Alkaloids (RF-00004360-PAR)
Analytical method code:

Phytochemical screening (F604A)
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

Alkaloids in leaves

Composition #7: Luiz, Tatiane Cordeiro., Simoes da Cunha, Ana Paula., Aguiar, Danilo Henrique., Sugui, Marina Mariko., Bicudo, Rogerio de Campos., Sinhorin, Adilson Paulo., Gindri Sinhorin, Valeria Dornelles. Antioxidant potential of Carica papaya Linn (Caricaceae) leaf extract in mice with cyclophosphamide induced oxidative stress. scientia medica, 2020, vol. 30, no. 1 . DOI: 10.15448/1980-6108.2020.1.34702. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Leaves (as part-nature) (A0EKT)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

water
Substance:

Saponins (RF-00004333-PAR)
Analytical method code:

Phytochemical screening (F604A)
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

Saponins in leaves

Endpoint study #1: Ansah, C., Appiah, J.A., Mensah, K.B., Mante, P.K. Aqueous leaf extract of Carica papaya (Caricaceae) Linn. Causes liver injury and reduced fertility in rats. international journal of pharmacy and pharmaceutical sciences, 2016, vol. 8, no. 2, p. 261–265. .

Study relevance:

Human health
Plant part:

Leaves (as part-nature) (A0EKT)
Preparation/Extraction method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional plant/substance description:

aqueous
Type of toxicological test:

short-term toxicity (CHD017TT)
Tested organism:

Rat (as animal) (A0CNV)
Strain of test organism:

Sprague-Dawley (CHD012ST)
Sex:

Male
Route of exposure:

ORAL: UNSPECIFIED (OECD2234PL)
Exposure duration:

14.0
Unit of exposure duration:

Day (G134A)
Number of organisms dosed:

5
Control groups used:

yes, concurrent vehicle
Endpoint measured:

Dose level (CHD014EP)
Concentration unit:

Milligrams per kilogram body weight per day (G211A)
Effect concentration:

10-500
Critical effect:

HEPATOTOXICITY (TOX02A)
Target tissue:

digestive: Liver (TT023A)
Effect description:

Increased ALT (10-500 mg/kg-day), increased GGT (300-500 mg/kg-day), and increased BIL (10-500 mg/kg-day).
Effect or parameter linked to the endpoint:

haematology (CHD023BE)
Internal remarks:

Hepatotoxicity (increased biochemical markers) in male rats treated for 14 days

Endpoint study #2: Ansah, C., Appiah, J.A., Mensah, K.B., Mante, P.K. Aqueous leaf extract of Carica papaya (Caricaceae) Linn. Causes liver injury and reduced fertility in rats. international journal of pharmacy and pharmaceutical sciences, 2016, vol. 8, no. 2, p. 261–265. .

Study relevance:

Human health
Plant part:

Leaves (as part-nature) (A0EKT)
Preparation/Extraction method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional plant/substance description:

aqueous
Type of toxicological test:

reproduction toxicity (CHD009TT)
Tested organism:

Rat (as animal) (A0CNV)
Strain of test organism:

Sprague-Dawley (CHD012ST)
Sex:

Male
Route of exposure:

ORAL: UNSPECIFIED (OECD2234PL)
Exposure duration:

14.0
Unit of exposure duration:

Day (G134A)
Number of organisms dosed:

5
Control groups used:

yes, concurrent vehicle
Endpoint measured:

Dose level (CHD014EP)
Concentration unit:

Milligrams per kilogram body weight per day (G211A)
Effect concentration:

100-500
Critical effect:

REPRODUCTIVE (TOX05A)
Target tissue:

urogenital: Testes (TT050A)
Effect description:

Mild to moderate atrophy of histoarchitecture of testes. Altered spermatogenesis. Reduced sperm motility and viability.
Effect or parameter linked to the endpoint:

reproduction (CHD014BE)
Internal remarks:

Reproductive toxicity (spermatogenesis and testes) in male rats

Endpoint study #3: Ansah, C., Appiah, J.A., Mensah, K.B., Mante, P.K. Aqueous leaf extract of Carica papaya (Caricaceae) Linn. Causes liver injury and reduced fertility in rats. international journal of pharmacy and pharmaceutical sciences, 2016, vol. 8, no. 2, p. 261–265. .

Study relevance:

Human health
Plant part:

Leaves (as part-nature) (A0EKT)
Preparation/Extraction method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional plant/substance description:

aqueous
Type of toxicological test:

reproduction toxicity (CHD009TT)
Tested organism:

Rat (as animal) (A0CNV)
Strain of test organism:

Sprague-Dawley (CHD012ST)
Sex:

Female
Route of exposure:

ORAL: UNSPECIFIED (OECD2234PL)
Exposure duration:

14.0
Unit of exposure duration:

Day (G134A)
Number of organisms dosed:

25
Control groups used:

yes, concurrent vehicle
Endpoint measured:

Dose level (CHD014EP)
Concentration unit:

Milligrams per kilogram body weight per day (G211A)
Effect concentration:

100-500
Critical effect:

REPRODUCTIVE (TOX05A)
Target tissue:

urogenital: Uterus (TT052A)
Effect description:

Reduced fertility and viability. Increased maternal and fetal mortality.
Effect or parameter linked to the endpoint:

reproduction (CHD014BE)
Internal remarks:

Reproductive toxicity in female rats

Endpoint study #4: Bhatia, Harpreet., Manhas, R. K., Kumar, Kewal., Magotra, Rani. Traditional knowledge on poisonous plants of Udhampur district of Jammu and Kashmir, India. journal of ethnopharmacology, 2014, vol. 152, no. 1, p. 207–216. DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2013.12.058. [DOI link]

Study relevance:

Human health
Plant part:

Seed (as part-nature) (A066P)
Additional plant/substance description:

no details: review
Type of toxicological test:

not reported (CHD015TT)
Tested organism:

Human (as organism) (A056J)
Sex:

No data
Control groups used:

no data
Endpoint measured:

Dose not reported (CHD066EP)
Critical effect:

REPRODUCTIVE (TOX05A)
Target tissue:

urogenital: Uterus (TT052A)
Effect description:

Abortifacient activity in humans and animals (reported in review paper without details).
Effect or parameter linked to the endpoint:

reproduction (CHD014BE)
Internal remarks:

Abortifacient activity of seeds in humans and animals (review)

Endpoint study #5: Luiz, Tatiane Cordeiro., Simoes da Cunha, Ana Paula., Aguiar, Danilo Henrique., Sugui, Marina Mariko., Bicudo, Rogerio de Campos., Sinhorin, Adilson Paulo., Gindri Sinhorin, Valeria Dornelles. Antioxidant potential of Carica papaya Linn (Caricaceae) leaf extract in mice with cyclophosphamide induced oxidative stress. scientia medica, 2020, vol. 30, no. 1 . DOI: 10.15448/1980-6108.2020.1.34702. [DOI link]

Study relevance:

Human health
Plant part:

Leaves (as part-nature) (A0EKT)
Preparation/Extraction method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional plant/substance description:

water
Type of toxicological test:

short-term toxicity (CHD017TT)
Tested organism:

House mouse (as animal) (A0CNT)
Strain of test organism:

Swiss (CHD005ST)
Sex:

Male
Route of exposure:

ORAL: GAVAGE (OECD2231PL)
Exposure duration:

15.0
Unit of exposure duration:

Day (G134A)
Number of organisms dosed:

8
Control groups used:

yes, concurrent vehicle
Endpoint measured:

Dose level (CHD014EP)
Concentration unit:

Milligrams per kilogram body weight per day (G211A)
Effect concentration:

500
Critical effect:

HEPATOTOXICITY (TOX02A)
Target tissue:

digestive: Liver (TT023A)
Effect description:

Liver toxicity observed as significantly increased ALT and ALP in treated animals compared to controls. No histological liver differences observed.
Effect or parameter linked to the endpoint:

haematology (CHD023BE)
Internal remarks:

Hepatotoxicity in mice

Endpoint study #6: LOHIYA, NK., GOYAL, RB., JAYAPRAKASH, D., ANSARI, AS., SHARMA, S. ANTIFERTILITY EFFECTS OF AQUEOUS EXTRACT OF CARICA-PAPAYA SEEDS IN MALE-RATS. planta medica, 1994, vol. 60, no. 5, p. 400–404. DOI: 10.1055/s-2006-959518. [DOI link]

Study relevance:

Human health
Plant part:

Seed (as part-nature) (A066P)
Preparation/Extraction method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional plant/substance description:

aqueous
Type of toxicological test:

reproduction toxicity (CHD009TT)
Tested organism:

Rat (as animal) (A0CNV)
Strain of test organism:

Sprague-Dawley (CHD012ST)
Sex:

Male
Exposure duration:

90.0
Unit of exposure duration:

Day (G134A)
Number of organisms dosed:

6
Control groups used:

yes, concurrent vehicle
Endpoint measured:

Dose level (CHD014EP)
Concentration unit:

Milligrams per day (G209A)
Effect concentration:

10-50
Critical effect:

REPRODUCTIVE (TOX05A)
Target tissue:

urogenital: Testes (TT050A)
Effect description:

Reduced sperm motility and morphological defects. Cauda epididymal sperm counts and fertility declined. Decreased testicular weight.
Effect or parameter linked to the endpoint:

reproduction (CHD014BE)
Internal remarks:

Reproductive effects of seed extract in male rats

Genotox #1: Wan-Ibrahim, W. I., Sidik, K., Kuppusamy, U. R. A high antioxidant level in edible plants is associated with genotoxic properties. food chemistry, 2010, vol. 122, no. 4, p. 1139–1144. DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2010.03.101. [DOI link]

Study category:

Genotoxicity
Type of toxicological test:

single cell gel/comet assay in mammalian cells for detection of DNA damage (CHD040TT)
Method type:

in vitro
Tested organism:

Human (as organism) (A056J)
Strain of test organism:

lymphocytes (CHD036ST)
Control groups used:

yes
Endpoint measured:

DNA damage and/or repair
Is genotoxic:

Positive
Remarks on genotox study:

18-24% DNA damage observed at all tested concentrations applied to human lymphocytes in the comet assay.
Internal remarks:

Genotoxicity (DNA damage - comet assay) in human lymphocytes
Internal ID:

WOS:000278582400029