EFSA Compendium of Botanicals

Draft - work in progress

Carambola (as plant) // Averrhoa carambola L.

Family:: Oxalidaceae
Approval state:: Approved
Number of articles retrieved:: 902
Number of processed references:: 5

Compositions

Endpoint Studies

#1: nephrotoxicity - apoptosis of renal epithelial cells #2: nephrotoxicity - changes in the dilatation of renal tubules and calcium oxalate crystal deposition #3: neurotoxicity in uremic patients #4: neurotoxicity in uraemic patients #5: liver - elevation of serum ALT level

Genotoxicity

Composition #1: Chen, CL., Chou, KJ., Wang, JS., Yeh, JH., Fang, HC., Chung, HM. Neurotoxic effects of carambola in rats: The role of oxalate. journal of the formosan medical association, 2002, vol. 101, no. 5, p. 337–341. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Fruit unspecified (as part-nature) (A067D)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

calcium gluconate
Substance:

Oxalates (RF-00004308-PAR)
Analytical method code:

Element spectroscopy (F051A)
Analytical method - additional description:

spectrophotometer
Result unit:

Gram/100 millilitre (G014A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

2.42
Internal remarks:

oxalates

Composition #2: Vasconcelos, CML., Araujo, MS., Silva, BA., Conde-Garcia, EA. Negative inotropic and chronotropic effects on the guinea pig atrium of extracts obtained from Averrhoa carambola L. leaves . brazilian journal of medical and biological research, 2005, vol. 38, no. 7, p. 1113–1122. DOI: 10.1590/S0100-879X2005000700015. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Leaves (as part-nature) (A0EKT)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

water, ethanol, hot extraction
Substance:

Tannins (RF-00004337-PAR)
Analytical method code:

Phytochemical screening (F604A)
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

Tannins

Composition #3: Vasconcelos, CML., Araujo, MS., Silva, BA., Conde-Garcia, EA. Negative inotropic and chronotropic effects on the guinea pig atrium of extracts obtained from Averrhoa carambola L. leaves . brazilian journal of medical and biological research, 2005, vol. 38, no. 7, p. 1113–1122. DOI: 10.1590/S0100-879X2005000700015. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Leaves (as part-nature) (A0EKT)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

water
Substance:

Saponins (RF-00004333-PAR)
Analytical method code:

Phytochemical screening (F604A)
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

Saponins

Endpoint study #1: Fang, Hua-Chang., Lee, Po-Tsang., Lu, Pei-Jung., Chen, Chien-Liang., Chang, Tsu-Yuan., Hsu, Chih-Yang., Chung, Hsiao-Min., Chou, Kang-Ju. Mechanisms of star fruit-induced acute renal failure.. food and chemical toxicology, 2008, vol. 46, no. 5, p. 1744–1752. .

Study relevance:

Human health
Plant part:

Fruit unspecified (as part-nature) (A067D)
Additional plant/substance description:

juice
Type of toxicological test:

acute toxicity (CHD016TT)
Tested organism:

Rat (as animal) (A0CNV)
Strain of test organism:

Sprague-Dawley (CHD012ST)
Sex:

Male
Route of exposure:

ORAL: FEED (OECD2230PL)
Control groups used:

yes
Endpoint measured:

Dose level (CHD014EP)
Concentration unit:

Mole (G119A)
Effect concentration:

0.2
Critical effect:

NEPHROTOXICITY (TOX03A)
Target tissue:

urogenital: Kidneys (TT046A)
Effect description:

apoptosis of renal epithelial cells
Effect or parameter linked to the endpoint:

histopathology non neoplastic (CHD025BE)
Internal remarks:

nephrotoxicity - apoptosis of renal epithelial cells

Endpoint study #2: Fang, Hua-Chang., Lee, Po-Tsang., Lu, Pei-Jung., Chen, Chien-Liang., Chang, Tsu-Yuan., Hsu, Chih-Yang., Chung, Hsiao-Min., Chou, Kang-Ju. Mechanisms of star fruit-induced acute renal failure.. food and chemical toxicology, 2008, vol. 46, no. 5, p. 1744–1752. .

Study relevance:

Human health
Substance:

Oxalates (RF-00004308-PAR)
Plant part:

Fruit unspecified (as part-nature) (A067D)
Type of toxicological test:

acute toxicity (CHD016TT)
Tested organism:

Rat (as animal) (A0CNV)
Strain of test organism:

Sprague-Dawley (CHD012ST)
Sex:

Male
Route of exposure:

ORAL: UNSPECIFIED (OECD2234PL)
Control groups used:

yes
Endpoint measured:

Dose level (CHD014EP)
Concentration unit:

Mole (G119A)
Effect concentration:

0.2
Critical effect:

NEPHROTOXICITY (TOX03A)
Target tissue:

urogenital: Kidneys (TT046A)
Effect description:

nephrotoxicity - changes in the dilatation of renal tubules and calcium oxalate crystal deposition
Effect or parameter linked to the endpoint:

histopathology non neoplastic (CHD025BE)
Internal remarks:

nephrotoxicity - changes in the dilatation of renal tubules and calcium oxalate crystal deposition

Endpoint study #3: Chen, CL., Chou, KJ., Wang, JS., Yeh, JH., Fang, HC., Chung, HM. Neurotoxic effects of carambola in rats: The role of oxalate. journal of the formosan medical association, 2002, vol. 101, no. 5, p. 337–341. .

Study relevance:

Human health
Plant part:

Fruit unspecified (as part-nature) (A067D)
Type of toxicological test:

case report (CHD060TT)
Tested organism:

Human (as organism) (A056J)
Route of exposure:

ORAL: UNSPECIFIED (OECD2234PL)
Endpoint measured:

Dose not reported (CHD066EP)
Critical effect:

NEUROTOXICITY (TOX04A)
Target tissue:

neurologic: Central Nervous System (TT035A)
Effect description:

convulsions, hiccups, or death in uremic patients
Effect or parameter linked to the endpoint:

neurology (CHD027BE)
Internal remarks:

neurotoxicity in uremic patients

Endpoint study #4: Tse, KC., Yip, PS., Lam, MF., Choy, BY., Li, FK., Lui, SL., Lo, WK., Chan, TM., Lai, KN. Star fruit intoxication in uraemic patients: case series and review of the literature . internal medicine journal, 2003, vol. 33, no. 7, p. 314–316. DOI: 10.1046/j.1445-5994.2003.00402.x. [DOI link]

Study relevance:

Human health
Plant part:

Fruit unspecified (as part-nature) (A067D)
Type of toxicological test:

case report (CHD060TT)
Tested organism:

Human (as organism) (A056J)
Route of exposure:

ORAL: UNSPECIFIED (OECD2234PL)
Number of organisms dosed:

7
Endpoint measured:

Dose not reported (CHD066EP)
Critical effect:

NEUROTOXICITY (TOX04A)
Target tissue:

neurologic: Central Nervous System (TT035A)
Effect description:

neurological symptoms are common presentations of star fruit intoxication in uraemic patients
Effect or parameter linked to the endpoint:

neurology (CHD027BE)
Internal remarks:

neurotoxicity in uraemic patients

Endpoint study #5: Khoo, Z. Y., Teh, C. C., Rao, N. K., Chin, J. H. Evaluation of the toxic effect of star fruit on serum biochemical parameters in rats . pharmacognosy magazine, 2010, vol. 6, no. 22, p. 120–124. DOI: 10.4103/0973-1296.62899. [DOI link]

Study relevance:

Human health
Plant part:

Fruit unspecified (as part-nature) (A067D)
Preparation/Extraction method:

Sap (as part-nature) (A166V)
Additional plant/substance description:

juice
Type of toxicological test:

short-term toxicity (CHD017TT)
Tested organism:

Rat (as animal) (A0CNV)
Strain of test organism:

Sprague-Dawley (CHD012ST)
Sex:

Female
Route of exposure:

ORAL: GAVAGE (OECD2231PL)
Exposure duration:

14.0
Unit of exposure duration:

Day (G134A)
Number of organisms dosed:

5
Control groups used:

yes
Endpoint measured:

Dose not reported (CHD066EP)
Critical effect:

HEPATOTOXICITY (TOX02A)
Target tissue:

digestive: Liver (TT023A)
Effect description:

fruit juice stored for 3 h affected liver - elevation of serum ALT level
Effect or parameter linked to the endpoint:

haematology (CHD023BE)
Internal remarks:

liver - elevation of serum ALT level