EFSA Compendium of Botanicals

Draft - work in progress

Rooibos (as plant) // Aspalathus linearis (Burm.f.) R.Dahlgren

Family:: Fabaceae
Approval state:: Approved
Number of articles retrieved:: 549
Number of processed references:: 5

Compositions

#1: retrorsine #2: senecionine #3: tannins #4: Furan derivatives #5: furfural #6: furan derivatives (e.g. 2-acetylfuran, 4-butanolide..) #7: eugenol #8: naphthalene

Endpoint Studies

#1: hepatotoxicity (rooibos tea, case report)

Genotoxicity

Composition #1: Mathon, Caroline., Edder, Patrick., Bieri, Stefan., Christen, Philippe. Survey of pyrrolizidine alkaloids in teas and herbal teas on the Swiss market using HPLC-MS/MS.. analytical and bioanalytical chemistry, 2014, vol. 406, no. 28, p. 7345–7354. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Leaves (as part-nature) (A0EKT)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

water
Substance:

Retrorsine (RF-00000239-TOX)
Additional substance description:

could be contaminant (WG View)
Analytical method code:

LC-MS/MS (F027A)
Value (concentration, content):

traces
Internal remarks:

retrorsine

Composition #2: Mathon, Caroline., Edder, Patrick., Bieri, Stefan., Christen, Philippe. Survey of pyrrolizidine alkaloids in teas and herbal teas on the Swiss market using HPLC-MS/MS.. analytical and bioanalytical chemistry, 2014, vol. 406, no. 28, p. 7345–7354. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Leaves (as part-nature) (A0EKT)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

water
Substance:

Senecionine (RF-00000232-TOX)
Additional substance description:

could be contaminant (WG View)
Analytical method code:

LC-MS/MS (F027A)
Value (concentration, content):

traces
Internal remarks:

senecionine

Composition #3: Joubert, E., Winterton, P., Britz, TJ., Ferreira, D. Superoxide anion and alpha, alpha-diphenyl-beta-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging capacity of rooibos (Aspalathus linearis) aqueous extracts, crude phenolic fractions, tannin and flavonoids . food research international, 2004, vol. 37, no. 2, p. 133–138. DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2003.09.011. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Leaves (as part-nature) (A0EKT)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

water
Substance:

Tannins (RF-00004337-PAR)
Analytical method code:

Traditional analytical techniques (wet chemical tests) (F003A)
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

tannins

Composition #4: Lasekan, O., Lasekan, A. Flavour chemistry of mate and some common herbal teas. TRENDS IN FOOD SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY, 2012, vol. 27, no. 1, p. 37–46. DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2012.05.004. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Aerial part of plants (as part-nature) (A166F)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

steam distillation
Substance:

furan derivatives (RF-00004396-PAR)
Additional substance description:

4-butanolide, Dihydroactinidiolide
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

Furan derivatives

Composition #5: KAWAKAMI, M., KOBAYASHI, A., KATOR, K. VOLATILE CONSTITUENTS OF ROOIBOS TEA (ASPALATHUS-LINEARIS) AS AFFECTED BY EXTRACTION PROCESS . journal of agricultural and food chemistry, 1993, vol. 41, no. 4, p. 633–636. DOI: 10.1021/jf00028a023. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Leaves (as part-nature) (A0EKT)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

water, dichloromethane
Substance:

Furfural (RF-1009-001-PPP)
Analytical method code:

GC-MS (F046A)
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

furfural

Composition #6: KAWAKAMI, M., KOBAYASHI, A., KATOR, K. VOLATILE CONSTITUENTS OF ROOIBOS TEA (ASPALATHUS-LINEARIS) AS AFFECTED BY EXTRACTION PROCESS . journal of agricultural and food chemistry, 1993, vol. 41, no. 4, p. 633–636. DOI: 10.1021/jf00028a023. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Leaves (as part-nature) (A0EKT)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

water, dichloromethane
Substance:

furan derivatives (RF-00004396-PAR)
Additional substance description:

2-acetylfuran; 4-butanolide; etc
Analytical method code:

GC-MS (F046A)
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

furan derivatives (e.g. 2-acetylfuran, 4-butanolide..)

Composition #7: KAWAKAMI, M., KOBAYASHI, A., KATOR, K. VOLATILE CONSTITUENTS OF ROOIBOS TEA (ASPALATHUS-LINEARIS) AS AFFECTED BY EXTRACTION PROCESS . journal of agricultural and food chemistry, 1993, vol. 41, no. 4, p. 633–636. DOI: 10.1021/jf00028a023. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Leaves (as part-nature) (A0EKT)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

water, dichloromethane
Substance:

Eugenol (RF-00003807-PAR)
Analytical method code:

GC-MS (F046A)
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

eugenol

Composition #8: KAWAKAMI, M., KOBAYASHI, A., KATOR, K. VOLATILE CONSTITUENTS OF ROOIBOS TEA (ASPALATHUS-LINEARIS) AS AFFECTED BY EXTRACTION PROCESS . journal of agricultural and food chemistry, 1993, vol. 41, no. 4, p. 633–636. DOI: 10.1021/jf00028a023. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Leaves (as part-nature) (A0EKT)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

SDE-method
Substance:

Naphthalene (RF-0801-001-PPP)
Analytical method code:

GC-MS (F046A)
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

naphthalene

Endpoint study #1: Sinisalo, Marjatta., Enkovaara, Anna-Liisa., Kivisto, Kari T. Possible hepatotoxic effect of rooibos tea: a case report. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY, 2010, vol. 66, no. 4, p. 427–428. DOI: 10.1007/s00228-009-0776-7. [DOI link]

Study relevance:

Human health
Plant part:

Leaves (as part-nature) (A0EKT)
Preparation/Extraction method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional plant/substance description:

infusion
Type of toxicological test:

case report (CHD060TT)
Tested organism:

Human (as organism) (A056J)
Sex:

Female
Route of exposure:

ORAL: UNSPECIFIED (OECD2234PL)
Exposure duration:

2.0
Unit of exposure duration:

Week (G205A)
Control groups used:

no
Endpoint measured:

Dose not reported (CHD066EP)
Critical effect:

HEPATOTOXICITY (TOX02A)
Target tissue:

digestive: Liver (TT023A)
Effect description:

rooibos tea may have adverse hepatic effects, elevated liver enzyme
Effect or parameter linked to the endpoint:

no data (CHD002BE)
Internal remarks:

hepatotoxicity (rooibos tea, case report)