EFSA Compendium of Botanicals

Draft - work in progress

Breadfruit (as plant) // Artocarpus altilis (Parkinson ex F.A.Zorn) Fosberg

Family:: Moraceae
Approval state:: Approved
Number of articles retrieved:: 824
Number of processed references:: 5

Compositions

#1: alkaloids #2: artocarpin (lectin) #3: saponins #4: tannins #5: anthraquinones #6: furan derivatives (altilisin H, I, J)

Endpoint Studies

#1: Four different extracts were used, leaf aqueous, leaf methanol, bark aqueous, bark methanol. 6 animals per group. Only one dose level of extracts 2000 mg/kg bw. Very vague results.

Genotoxicity

Composition #1: Coe, F.G., Parikh, D.M., Johnson, C.A., Anderson, G.J. The good and the bad: Alkaloid screening and brineshrimp bioassays of aqueous extracts of 31 medicinal plants of eastern Nicaragua. Pharmaceutical Biology, 2012, vol. 50, no. 3, p. 384–392. DOI: 10.3109/13880209.2011.608077. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Leaves (as part-nature) (A0EKT)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

Chloroform/methanol
Substance:

Alkaloids (RF-00004360-PAR)
Analytical method code:

Phytochemical screening (F604A)
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

alkaloids

Composition #2: Tzeng, Cheng-Wei., Yen, Feng-Lin., Lin, Liang-Tzung., Lee, Chiang-Wen., Yen, Ming-Hong., Tzeng, Wen-Sheng., Lin, Chun-Ching. Antihepatoma activity of Artocarpus communis is higher in fractions with high artocarpin content. thescientificworldjournal, 2014, vol. 2014, p. 978525. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Wood (as part-nature) (A166P)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

methanol extraction
Substance:

artocarpin (RF-00010877-PAR)
Analytical method code:

HPLC-UV (F021A)
Result unit:

Milligram/gram (G060A)
Result expression:

Whole weight (B001A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

<=371
Internal remarks:

artocarpin (lectin)

Composition #3: Siddesha, Jalahalli M., Angaswamy, Nataraju., Vishwanath, Bannikuppe S. Phytochemical screening and evaluation of in vitro angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitory activity of Artocarpus altilis leaf. NATURAL PRODUCT RESEARCH, 2011, vol. 25, no. 20, p. 1931–1940. DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2010.497962. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Leaves (as part-nature) (A0EKT)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

water (hot, cold), methanol (hot)
Substance:

Saponins (RF-00004333-PAR)
Analytical method code:

Phytochemical screening (F604A)
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

saponins

Composition #4: Siddesha, Jalahalli M., Angaswamy, Nataraju., Vishwanath, Bannikuppe S. Phytochemical screening and evaluation of in vitro angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitory activity of Artocarpus altilis leaf. NATURAL PRODUCT RESEARCH, 2011, vol. 25, no. 20, p. 1931–1940. DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2010.497962. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Leaves (as part-nature) (A0EKT)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

water (hot, cold), acetone (cold), n-butanol (cold)
Substance:

Tannins (RF-00004337-PAR)
Analytical method code:

Phytochemical screening (F604A)
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

tannins

Composition #5: Siddesha, Jalahalli M., Angaswamy, Nataraju., Vishwanath, Bannikuppe S. Phytochemical screening and evaluation of in vitro angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitory activity of Artocarpus altilis leaf. NATURAL PRODUCT RESEARCH, 2011, vol. 25, no. 20, p. 1931–1940. DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2010.497962. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Leaves (as part-nature) (A0EKT)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

methanol (hot), n-butanol (hot, cold), acetone (cold), ethyl acetate (hot, cold), hexane (cold)
Substance:

anthraquinones (RF-00004343-PAR)
Analytical method code:

Phytochemical screening (F604A)
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

anthraquinones

Composition #6: Nguyen Thi Thanh Mai., Nguyen Xuan Hai., Dang Hoang Phu., Phan Nguyen Huu Trong., Nguyen Trung Nhan. Three new geranyl aurones from the leaves of Artocarpus altilis. phytochemistry letters, 2012, vol. 5, no. 3, p. 647–650. DOI: 10.1016/j.phytol.2012.06.014. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Leaves (as part-nature) (A0EKT)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

methanol extraction
Substance:

furan derivatives (RF-00004396-PAR)
Additional substance description:

altilisin H, I, J
Analytical method code:

Colorimetry, Spectroscopy (Spectrometry) and Photometry (F008A)
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

furan derivatives (altilisin H, I, J)

Endpoint study #1: Sairam, Sudha., Urooj, Asna. Safety Evaluation of Artocarpus altilis as Pharmaceutical Agent in Wistar Rats. . journal of toxicology, 2014, vol. 2014, p. 980404–980404. DOI: 10.1155/2014/980404. [DOI link]

Study relevance:

Human health
Plant part:

Aerial part of plants (as part-nature) (A166F)
Preparation/Extraction method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional plant/substance description:

aqueous or meOH extracts
Type of toxicological test:

short-term toxicity (CHD017TT)
Limit test:

Not applicable
Tested organism:

Rat (as animal) (A0CNV)
Strain of test organism:

Wistar (CHD013ST)
Sex:

Male/Female
Route of exposure:

ORAL: GAVAGE (OECD2231PL)
Exposure duration:

14.0
Unit of exposure duration:

Day (G134A)
Number of organisms dosed:

30
Control groups used:

yes, concurrent vehicle
Endpoint measured:

Concentration level (CHD013EP)
Concentration unit:

Milligrams per kilogram body weight (G225A)
Effect concentration:

2000
Critical effect:

Digestive (TOX18A)
Target tissue:

digestive: Liver (TT023A)
Effect description:

elevated liver enzymes, changes in cholesterol levels in serum, liver, kidney and brain
Effect or parameter linked to the endpoint:

other (CHD003BE)
Internal remarks:

Four different extracts were used, leaf aqueous, leaf methanol, bark aqueous, bark methanol. 6 animals per group. Only one dose level of extracts 2000 mg/kg bw. Very vague results.