EFSA Compendium of Botanicals

Draft - work in progress

Arnebia euchroma (Royle) I.M.Johnst.

Family:: Boraginaceae
Approval state:: Approved
Number of articles retrieved:: 452
Number of processed references:: 4

Compositions

#1: camphor #2: Acetylshikonin #3: Deoxyshikonin #4: Isobutylshikonin #5: beta,beta-dimethylacrylshikonin #6: Shikonin #7: beta-Acetoxyisovalerylshikonin #8: 2-methyl-n-butyrylshikonin #9: Isovalerylshikonin #10: Acetylshikonin #11: Shikonin #12: β-Acetoxyisovalerylshikonin #13: naphthoquinone (arnebinone B) #14: furan derivatives (shikonofuran A, B, C and E)

Endpoint Studies

Genotoxicity

Composition #1: Gu, Hongxia., Ji, Haiwei., Zhai, Jing. Analysis of the volatile oil from lithospermum erythrorhizon and arnebia euchroma by GC-MS.. zhongguo yaofang, 2010, vol. 21, no. 27, p. 2546–2548. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Roots and other underground parts (as part-nature) (A067M)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Essential oil (as part-nature) (A166Q)
Substance:

Camphor (RF-00003986-PAR)
Analytical method code:

GC-MS (F046A)
Result unit:

Percent (G138A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

5.82
Internal remarks:

camphor

Composition #2: Hu, Yani., Jiang, Zhihong., Leung, Kelvin Sze-Yin., Zhao, Zhongzhen. Simultaneous determination of naphthoquinone derivatives in Boraginaceous herbs by high-performance liquid chromatography. ANALYTICA CHIMICA ACTA, 2006, vol. 577, no. 1, p. 26–31. DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2006.06.031. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Roots and other underground parts (as part-nature) (A067M)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

MeOH
Substance:

acetylshikonin (RF-00011320-PAR)
Analytical method code:

HPLC-DAD (F587A)
Result unit:

Milligram/gram (G060A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

19.7
Internal remarks:

Acetylshikonin

Composition #3: Hu, Yani., Jiang, Zhihong., Leung, Kelvin Sze-Yin., Zhao, Zhongzhen. Simultaneous determination of naphthoquinone derivatives in Boraginaceous herbs by high-performance liquid chromatography. ANALYTICA CHIMICA ACTA, 2006, vol. 577, no. 1, p. 26–31. DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2006.06.031. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Roots and other underground parts (as part-nature) (A067M)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

MeOH
Substance:

deoxyshikonin (RF-00011319-PAR)
Analytical method code:

HPLC-DAD (F587A)
Result unit:

Milligram/gram (G060A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

0.262
Internal remarks:

Deoxyshikonin

Composition #4: Hu, Yani., Jiang, Zhihong., Leung, Kelvin Sze-Yin., Zhao, Zhongzhen. Simultaneous determination of naphthoquinone derivatives in Boraginaceous herbs by high-performance liquid chromatography. ANALYTICA CHIMICA ACTA, 2006, vol. 577, no. 1, p. 26–31. DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2006.06.031. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Roots and other underground parts (as part-nature) (A067M)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

MeOH
Substance:

isobutylshikonin (RF-00011317-PAR)
Analytical method code:

HPLC-DAD (F587A)
Result unit:

Milligram/gram (G060A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

4.78
Internal remarks:

Isobutylshikonin

Composition #5: Hu, Yani., Jiang, Zhihong., Leung, Kelvin Sze-Yin., Zhao, Zhongzhen. Simultaneous determination of naphthoquinone derivatives in Boraginaceous herbs by high-performance liquid chromatography. ANALYTICA CHIMICA ACTA, 2006, vol. 577, no. 1, p. 26–31. DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2006.06.031. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Roots and other underground parts (as part-nature) (A067M)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

MeOH
Substance:

beta,beta-dimethylacrylshikonin (RF-00011327-PAR)
Analytical method code:

HPLC-DAD (F587A)
Result unit:

Milligram/gram (G060A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

12.34-11.66
Internal remarks:

beta,beta-dimethylacrylshikonin

Composition #6: Hu, Yani., Jiang, Zhihong., Leung, Kelvin Sze-Yin., Zhao, Zhongzhen. Simultaneous determination of naphthoquinone derivatives in Boraginaceous herbs by high-performance liquid chromatography. ANALYTICA CHIMICA ACTA, 2006, vol. 577, no. 1, p. 26–31. DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2006.06.031. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Roots and other underground parts (as part-nature) (A067M)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

MeOH
Substance:

shikonin (RF-00011315-PAR)
Analytical method code:

HPLC-DAD (F587A)
Result unit:

Milligram/gram (G060A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

1.52
Internal remarks:

Shikonin

Composition #7: Hu, Yani., Jiang, Zhihong., Leung, Kelvin Sze-Yin., Zhao, Zhongzhen. Simultaneous determination of naphthoquinone derivatives in Boraginaceous herbs by high-performance liquid chromatography. ANALYTICA CHIMICA ACTA, 2006, vol. 577, no. 1, p. 26–31. DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2006.06.031. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Roots and other underground parts (as part-nature) (A067M)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

MeOH
Substance:

Acetoxyisovalerylalkannin (RF-00011318-PAR)
Additional substance description:

beta-acetoxyisovalerylshikonin
Analytical method code:

HPLC-DAD (F587A)
Result unit:

Milligram/gram (G060A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

6.50
Internal remarks:

beta-Acetoxyisovalerylshikonin

Composition #8: Hu, Yani., Jiang, Zhihong., Leung, Kelvin Sze-Yin., Zhao, Zhongzhen. Simultaneous determination of naphthoquinone derivatives in Boraginaceous herbs by high-performance liquid chromatography. ANALYTICA CHIMICA ACTA, 2006, vol. 577, no. 1, p. 26–31. DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2006.06.031. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Roots and other underground parts (as part-nature) (A067M)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

MeOH
Substance:

Naphthoquinones (RF-00010839-PAR)
Additional substance description:

2-methyl-n-butyrylshikonin
Analytical method code:

HPLC-DAD (F587A)
Result unit:

Milligram/gram (G060A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

11.7
Internal remarks:

2-methyl-n-butyrylshikonin

Composition #9: Hu, Yani., Jiang, Zhihong., Leung, Kelvin Sze-Yin., Zhao, Zhongzhen. Simultaneous determination of naphthoquinone derivatives in Boraginaceous herbs by high-performance liquid chromatography. ANALYTICA CHIMICA ACTA, 2006, vol. 577, no. 1, p. 26–31. DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2006.06.031. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Roots and other underground parts (as part-nature) (A067M)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

MeOH
Substance:

isovalerylshikonin (RF-00011323-PAR)
Analytical method code:

HPLC-DAD (F587A)
Result unit:

Milligram/gram (G060A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

14
Internal remarks:

Isovalerylshikonin

Composition #10: Sharma, Nandini., Sharma, Upendra K., Gupta, Ajai P., Devla., Sinha, Arun K., Lal, Brij., Ahuja, Paramvir S. Simultaneous densitometric determination of shikonin, acetylshikonin, and beta-acetoxyisovaleryl-shikonin in ultrasonic-assisted extracts of four Arnebia species using reversed-phase thin layer chromatography. JOURNAL OF SEPARATION SCIENCE, 2009, vol. 32, no. 18, p. 3239–3245. DOI: 10.1002/jssc.200900129. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Roots and other underground parts (as part-nature) (A067M)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate or methanol
Substance:

acetylshikonin (RF-00011320-PAR)
Analytical method code:

Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) (F061A)
Analytical method - additional description:

HPLC
Result unit:

Microgram/gram (G049A)
Result expression:

Dry matter (B002A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

528-1024
Internal remarks:

Acetylshikonin

Composition #11: Sharma, Nandini., Sharma, Upendra K., Gupta, Ajai P., Devla., Sinha, Arun K., Lal, Brij., Ahuja, Paramvir S. Simultaneous densitometric determination of shikonin, acetylshikonin, and beta-acetoxyisovaleryl-shikonin in ultrasonic-assisted extracts of four Arnebia species using reversed-phase thin layer chromatography. JOURNAL OF SEPARATION SCIENCE, 2009, vol. 32, no. 18, p. 3239–3245. DOI: 10.1002/jssc.200900129. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Roots and other underground parts (as part-nature) (A067M)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate or methanol
Substance:

shikonin (RF-00011315-PAR)
Analytical method code:

Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) (F061A)
Analytical method - additional description:

HPLC
Result unit:

Microgram/gram (G049A)
Result expression:

Dry matter (B002A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

105-207
Internal remarks:

Shikonin

Composition #12: Sharma, Nandini., Sharma, Upendra K., Gupta, Ajai P., Devla., Sinha, Arun K., Lal, Brij., Ahuja, Paramvir S. Simultaneous densitometric determination of shikonin, acetylshikonin, and beta-acetoxyisovaleryl-shikonin in ultrasonic-assisted extracts of four Arnebia species using reversed-phase thin layer chromatography. JOURNAL OF SEPARATION SCIENCE, 2009, vol. 32, no. 18, p. 3239–3245. DOI: 10.1002/jssc.200900129. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Roots and other underground parts (as part-nature) (A067M)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

Ethyl acetate
Substance:

Acetoxyisovalerylalkannin (RF-00011318-PAR)
Additional substance description:

β-Acetoxyisovalerylshikonin
Analytical method code:

Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) (F061A)
Analytical method - additional description:

HPLC
Result unit:

Microgram/gram (G049A)
Result expression:

Dry matter (B002A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

1529-4371
Internal remarks:

β-Acetoxyisovalerylshikonin

Composition #13: Wang, Lun., Li, Fu., Liu, Xin., Chen, Bin., Yu, Kai., Wang, Ming-Kui. Meroterpenoids and a Naphthoquinone from Arnebia euchroma and Their Cytotoxic Activity. PLANTA MEDICA, 2015, vol. 81, no. 4, p. 320–326. DOI: 10.1055/s-0035-1545693. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Roots and other underground parts (as part-nature) (A067M)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

EtOH
Substance:

Naphthoquinones (RF-00010839-PAR)
Additional substance description:

arnebinone B
Analytical method code:

Standard Chromatographic tests (paper- thin layer- and column chromatography) (F016A)
Analytical method - additional description:

UV; IR; NMR
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

naphthoquinone (arnebinone B)

Composition #14: Wang, Lun., Li, Fu., Liu, Xin., Chen, Bin., Yu, Kai., Wang, Ming-Kui. Meroterpenoids and a Naphthoquinone from Arnebia euchroma and Their Cytotoxic Activity. PLANTA MEDICA, 2015, vol. 81, no. 4, p. 320–326. DOI: 10.1055/s-0035-1545693. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Roots and other underground parts (as part-nature) (A067M)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

EtOH
Substance:

furan derivatives (RF-00004396-PAR)
Additional substance description:

shikonofuran A, B, C and E
Analytical method code:

Standard Chromatographic tests (paper- thin layer- and column chromatography) (F016A)
Analytical method - additional description:

UV; IR; NMR
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

furan derivatives (shikonofuran A, B, C and E)